A note on nomenclature

Here again a note on nomenclature is needed. If compounds of type 25 are considered as substituted phosphoranes, names such as the one given above are appropriate. If, on the other hand, their heterocyclic nature stays in the foreground, the correct names (as used by Chemical Abstracts) are such as 5-phenyl-5,5 -spirobi[5H-dibenzophosphole]. Both naming procedures are consistent with IUPAC rules and are applicable to similar arsenic, antimony- and bismuth-heterocycles as well (see later chapters). 

Before discussing experiments a note on nomenclature is appropriate. In the literature Volta potentials are often called surface potentials but this term has other meemings as well, so we shall not use it. The usual symbol is AV, but in line with our convention (sec. 3.4.1) the appropriate s3mibol is V , i.e. it is the Volta potential of the monolayer minus the same for the blemk at the other side of the barrier. The latter is not zero and depends on the orientation of water molecules at the interface, and in the presence of electrolytes, a double layer may form, giving rise to a non-zero y/°- In sec. II, we discussed the relevant measurement and gave results for various electrolytes. In sec. II.3.9 we concluded that for pure water, according to the best experiments presently available, >0 (the -potential is the potential of water with respect to water vapour caused by the spontaneous polarization of the Interface). This means that the water dipoles at the surface are preferentially oriented with their negative sides "out". The value of x is not... 

A note on nomenclature The addition of the letter a to the end of an element name implies that one is referring to the oxide of that element. For example, while silicon refers to the element, silica is Si02 or the oxide of silicon. Similarly, alumina is the oxide of aluminum or AliO magnesium magnesia etc. 

See Contact angles and interfacial tension for the definitions and a note on nomenclature of the surface energy terms. It is important to realize that Eqn. 2 depends only on the definitions, and so is universally valid. 

A note on nomenclature. The above definitions use the nomenclature of the lUPAC Green Book (1), in which a solute is called 8 and a solvent A In compilations and evaluations, the first-named component (component 1) is the solute, and the second (component 2 for a two-component system) is the solvent. The reader should bear these distinctions in nomenclature in mind when comparing nomenclature and theoretical equations given in this Introduction with equations and nomenclature used on the evaluation and compilation sheets. 

A note on nomenclature may be useful. In the recent literature, the reaction coordinate has frequently been called the reaction path , the two being synonymous when viewed as technical terms. However, reaction path is frequently also supposed to imply that it is the physical path taken in the course of the reaction (classically a typical trajectory). This is different from the definition of a mathematical reaction coordinate, which has no such intuitive connotations and is thus preferred here. Note also that the reaction coordinate need not be the minimum energy path (MEP) either. 

With the placement of MDMA under legal control in 1985, MDE occasionally appeared in the illicit street trade. It had been called EVE, which carries some perverse logic in light of the nickname used occasionally for MDMA, which was ADAM. The term INTELLECT has been used for it as well, but there has been no apparent reason advanced for this. And a final note on nomenclature. An old literature use of the code MDE was for the compound 3,4-methylenedioxyethanol-amine. See the discussion on this under the recipe for DME. 

During the developing work which has led to the mature report here given, there have been three long typescript versions of the terpene nomenclature report (April, 1949, June, 1950, and June, 1952, respectively) and one condensed typescript version (September, 1953). In addition the work was presented briefly by Miss Grafflin under the title Nomenclature of Terpene Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds at a Symposium on Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons held in 1949 by the ACS Division of Petroleum Chemistry and preprinted along with the other papers of this symposium. Furthermore, Austin M. Patterson presented a preview of this nomenclature in his column in Chemical and Engineering News (Cbem. Eng. News 30, 930-5(1952)) It should be noted that the present report differs in some respects from the proposals in these earlier, more or less widely circulated versions. 

Because of structural uncertainties and confusing nomenclature, much of the early literature is, frankly, of little more than historical interest. However, after 1930, when most authors adopted the present Chemical Abstracts naming (see Note on Nomenclature that follows), a reliable body of literature gradually accumulated on all six systems, albeit at very different rates. For example, data on the 1,8-naphthyridines greatly outnumbered those on the other systems, probably as a result of the discovery of significant antimicrobial properties associated with nalidixic acid as well as the intrinsic suitability of the 1,8-system for metal complexation. 

General Considerations Introduction. A Note on Classes and Nomenclature. Bonding and Structure in Hypervalent Iodine. Reactivity Patterns. Practical Aspects. General References. 

Includes, when necessary, notes on nomenclature, information about the results of observational studies, comparative studies, and placebo-controlled studies in relation to reports of adverse drug reactions, and a general summary of the major adverse effects. ORGANS AND SYSTEMS Cardiovascular (includes heart and blood vessels) Respiratory Ear, nose, throat... 

Introduction and stereochemical control syn,anti and E,Z Relationship between enolate geometry and aldol stereochemistry The Zimmerman-Traxler transition state Anti-selective aldols of lithium enolates of hindered aryl esters Syn-selective aldols of boron enolates of PhS-esters Stereochemistry of aldols from enols and enolates of ketones Silyl enol ethers and the open transition state Syn selective aldols with zirconium enolates The synthesis of enones E,Z selectivity in enone formation from aldols Recent developments in stereoselective aldol reactions Stereoselectivity outside the Aldol Relationship A Synthesis ofJuvabione A Note on Stereochemical Nomenclature... 

Just before we go any further we need a quick note on nomenclature. We see below a lithium enolate 29 and a titanium enolate 30 of an ester. By definition, the lithium enolate 29 contains a Z double bond (lithium is lighter than carbon) whereas the titanium enolate 30 contains an E double bond (titanium is heavier than carbon). But to call one E and the other Zis plainly crazy. The important thing, as far as we are concerned, is that the substituent R is trans to the reactive oxygen. In order to avoid confusion we shall refer to both of these as trans enolates regardless of the metal 31. This is not universally done (some chemists will be outraged by such simplicity) but is what we shall be doing in this book. 

As described in 3.2.3, FAIMS separates ions by the compensation field Eq at a particular dispersion field and each ion/gas pair has a specific Pc( d) curve. In this section, we discuss how those curves depend on the ion and gas properties. A note on the nomenclature is due first. 

Extensive studies on metal (Ni or Fe) promoted oxidative dehydrogenations of this and related systems have been reported, the latter paper containing a note on the nomenclature of these complexes which appears to have become rather confused. Related complexes,a new synthesis of cyclam as its Ni complex, and an investigation of Li salt complexes of cyclam by i.r. measurements have also been reported. Mononuclear cryptates, with a wide variety of metal iodides and chlorides, and dinuclear cryptates, with AgN03 and HCOgTl, involvingthe macrotricyclic ligand (500) are discussed. 8i... 

A note on the nomenclature behind DFT functionals maybe appropriate. Functionals are most often named after their authors in such a way that the name PBE comes from a paper by Perdew, Burke, and Emzerhof Occasionally the year the paper was published is appended. And if the functional is one of the so-called hydrid functionals, discussed in Section 2.5.2.2(c) it is common to add the number of parameters used when mixing the Hartree-Fock exchange with the DFT exchange and correlation. For example, PBEO, is a hybrid functional with zero (or at least, at one stage is was argued to have zero) mixing parameters. 

A. D. Rovira, R. C. Foster, and J. K. Martin, Note on terminology, origin, nature and nomenclature of organic materials in the rhizosphere. The Soil-Root Inteiface (J. L. Harley and R. Scott-Russell, eds.). Academic Press, London, 1979, p. 1. 

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