Z and

In Equation (13), z and <(iT refer to the monomer of species i while y is the apparent mole fraction of component i, where apparent means that dimerization has been neglected. 

Glavic, P., Kravanja, Z., and Homsak, M., Heat Integration of Reactors I. Criteria... 

Madeluag constant For an ionic crystal composed of cations and anions of respective change z + and z, the la ttice energy Vq may be derived as the balance between the coulombic attractive and repulsive forces. This approach yields the Born-Lande equation,... 

In contrast to the planar wave solution, the penetration depth in case of a coil can be described —besides the dependence on co and a— as a function of the depth z and the coil diameter R ... 

A two-dimensional slice may be taken either parallel to one of the principal co-ordinate planes (X-Y, X-Z and Y-Z) selected from a menu, or in any arbitrary orientation defined on screen by the user. Once a slice through the data has been taken, and displayed on the screen, a number of tools are available to assist the operator with making measurements of indications. These tools allow measurement of distance between two points, calculation of 6dB or maximum amplitude length of a flaw, plotting of a 6dB contour, and textual aimotation of the view. Figure 11 shows 6dB sizing and annotation applied to a lack of fusion example. 

One could think of the standard norm to define the distance between two signals Z, and Ziacquired during two successive inspections ... 

While Becker and Doting obtained a more complex function in place of Z, its numerical value is about equal to Z, and it turns out that the exponential term, which is the same, is the most important one. Thus the complete expression is... 

Molecular wavefiinctions are fiinctions of the coordinates of the nuclei and electrons in a molecule, and we are now going to consider how such functions can be transfonned by the general synnnetry operation R as defined in (equation Al.4.49). To do this we introduce tln-ee fiinctions of the coordinates,/(X.,T.,Zp, (X.,Y.,Z.) and The fiinctions i and such that their values at any point in configuration... 

Oho J-FI, Ismail, Zhang Z and Plummer E W 1999 Oscillatory lattice relaxation at metal surfaces Phys. Rev. B 59 1677... 

Bacic Z and Miller R E 1996 Molecular clusters structure and dynamics of weakly bound systems J. Phys. Chem. 100 12,945-59... 

Consider an isotropic medium that consists of independent and identical microscopic cln-omophores (molecules) at number density N. At. sth order, each element of the macroscopic susceptibility tensor, given in laboratory Cartesian coordinates A, B, C, D, must carry s + 1 (laboratory) Cartesian indices (X, Y or Z) and... 

FigureBl.5.10 Euler angles and reference frames for the discussion of molecular orientation laboratory frame (v, y, z) and molecular frame (x y, z).

If one or two of the indices are zeros, there may be additional restrictions. We have seen that a 2jscrew axis parallel to the c axis of the unit cell produces pairs of atoms at x, y, z) and -x, -y, z + k). From equation... 

The least recognized fonns of the Porod approximation are for the anisotropic system. If we consider the cylindrical scattering expression of equation (B 1.9.61). there are two principal axes (z and r directions) to be discussed... 

Sallkhov K M, Molln Yu N, Sagdeev R Z and Buchachenko A L 1984 Spin Poiarization and Magnetic Effects in Radicai Reactions (Amsterdam Elsevier)... 

Booker Gr, Laczik Z and Toeroek P 1995 Applications of Scanning Infra-red Microscopy to Bulk Semiconductors (Inst. Phys. Conf Ser., 146) pp 681-92... 

Yuan J-Y, Shao Z and Gao C 1991 Alternative method of imaging surface topologies of nonconducting bulk specimens by scanning tunnelling microscopy Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 863... 

Shao Z and Yang J 1995 Progress in high-resolution atomic-force microscopy in biology Qt Rev. Biophys. 28 195 Shao Z, Mou J, Cza]kowsky D M, Yang J and Yuan J 1996 Biological atomic force microscopy what is achieved and... 

Yin G Z and Nicol M 1985 Photochemistry of naphthalene in alcohol or alkane solutions at high pressures J. Phys. Chem. 89 1171... 

Gerardy-Montouillout V, Malveau C, Tekely P, Olender Z and Luz Z 1996 Odessa, a new 1 D NMR exohange experiment for ohemioally equivalent nuolei in rotating solids J. Magn. Reson. A 123 7-15... 

Equilibration of the interface, and the establislnnent of equilibrium between the two phases, may be very slow. Holcomb et al [183] found that the density profile p(z) equilibrated much more quickly than tire profiles of nonnal and transverse pressure, f yy(z) and f jfz), respectively. The surface tension is proportional to the z-integral of Pj z)-Pj z). The bulk liquid in the slab may continue to contribute to this integral, indicatmg lack of equilibrium, for very long times if the initial liquid density is chosen a little too high or too low. A recent example of this kind of study, is the MD simulation of the liquid-vapour surface of water at temperatures between 316 and 573 K by Alejandre et al [184]. 

Bade Z and Light J C 1986 Highly exdted vibrational levels of floppy triatomic molecules—a discrete variable representation—distributed Gaussian-basis approach J. Chem. Phys. 85 4594... 

Figure C 1.5.13. Schematic diagram of an experimental set-up for imaging 3D single-molecule orientations. The excitation laser with either s- or p-polarization is reflected from the polymer/water boundary. Molecular fluorescence is imaged through an aberrating thin water layer, collected with an inverted microscope and imaged onto a CCD array. Aberrated and unaberrated emission patterns are observed for z- and xr-orientated molecules, respectively. Reprinted with pennission from Bartko and Dickson [148]. Copyright 1999 American Chemical Society.

Myers A B, Tchenio P, Zgierski M Z and Moerner W E 1994 Vibronic spectroscopy of individual molecules in solids J. Chem. Phys. 98 10 377-90... 

Robyr P, Gan Z and Suter U W 1998 Conformation of raoemo and meso dyads in glassy polystyrenes from C polarization-transfer NMR Macromolecules 31 8918- 23... 

Guo Z and Thirumalai D 1995 Kinetics of protein folding nucleation mechanism, time scales and pathways Biopolymers 36 83-103... 

Ocko B M, Magnussen O M, Wang J, Adzic R R, Shi Z and Lipkowski J 1994 A criticai comparison of eiectrochemicai and surface x-ray scattering resuits at the Au(111) eiectrode in KBr soiutions Electroanal. Chem. 376 35-9... 

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