Yield biological

Unlike donor-based FRET methods like FLIM, filterFRET also yields spatial information on the acceptor population. This means that in addition to querying donor-FRET (by solving for Ed or / )), we can also assess the relationship between sensitized emission and the acceptor population. At 1 1 stoichiometry obviously Ed should equal the acceptor-normalized efficiency EA. In other cases, EA deviates from E but sometimes can yield biologically more relevant information than Ed or E. For example, dislocation of 50% of the... 

Alvarez, C.E., Carraced, A.E., Iglesia E. and Martinez M.C. 1993. Pineapples cultivated by conventional and organic methods in a soil from a banana plantation. A comparative study of soil fertility, plant nutrition and yields. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 9 161-171. 

The macrolide class is large and structurally diverse. Macrolides are produced by fermentation of soil microorganisms. Additionally, structural modifications using both chemical and microbiological means have yielded biologically active semisyiiLlielic derivatives. 

Chakraborty S, Monsour C, Teakle R, Reid S (1999), Yield, biological activity, and field performance of a wild-type Helicoverpa nucleopolyhedrovirus produced in H. zea cell cultures, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 73 199-205. 

Vitamin Be has a central role in the metabolism of amino acids in transaminase reactions (and hence the interconversion and catabolism of amino acids and the synthesis of nonessential amino acids), in decarboxylation to yield biologically active amines, and in a variety of elimination and replacement reactions. It is also the cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase and a variety of other enzymes. In addition, pyridoxal phosphate, the metabolically active vitamer, has a role in the modulation of steroid hormone action and the regulation of gene expression. 

A. A. Karelin, M. M. Filippova, O. N. Yatskin, E. Yu. Blishchenko, I. V. Nazimov, and V. T. Ivanov, Proteolytic Degradation of Hemoglobin in Erythrocytes Yields Biologically Active Peptides, Peptide Science, 4(1998), 271-281. 

The enzyme kanamycin phosphotransferase reacts with a number of aminoglycosides to yield biologically-inactive phosphorylated derivatives (see Table 7.17). The site of enzyme activity is the 3 -hydroxyl group which is lacking in antibiotics resistance to the enzyme. On the other... 

A particular type of hydroxylation of aromatic compounds is the hydroxylation of indoles (XIII), which yield biologically active oxindoles (XIV) in nearly quantitative yields (Scheme VIII) [79],... 

Development of fast and reliable analytical assays is essential to follow the progress of the purification and assess effectiveness (yield, biological activity, recovery). 

In this chapter, we discuss different expression systems that are being developed. We consider the potential of each system by taking into account the impact of several parameters on economics and regulatory acceptability of the system productivity (absolute and relative yield), biological safety (in particular transgene containment), scalability, versatility (ability to accommodate diverse proteins and to express a recombinant protein identical to the natural one), speed of research, development and commercial scalabihty provided by each of these systems. 

The nitrogen atom in enantholactam can also undergo acylation. Subsequent reactions of N-acylated enantholactam yield biologically important compounds <81MI 918-01) or a facile route to... 

The requirement of adequate amounts of endogenous prostaglandin precursors may explain why certain of these acids are essential to the diet [73, 87, 89]. The essential fatty acid (E.F.A.) activity of a series of acids, as measured by the ability of their methyl esters to produce a change in weight in E.F.A. deficient rats, has been shown to correlate approximately with their conversion rates into prostaglandins. Only those fatty adds which yielded biologically active prostaglandins showed considerable activity [89]. 

Immobilized Derivatives of Glycoproteins. — The modification of glycoproteins to yield biologically active immobilized derivatives continues to attract much attention. These derivatives and their uses are summarized in Table... 

Biomaterials can be combined with biomolecules, such as enzymes and growth factors, to yield biologically functional systems. There is a wide and diverse range of materials and methods available for enzyme immobilization on or within the biomaterial. The methods for immobilizing enzymes and other biomolecnles are the same as described in Section 44.3.1, but the choice of the method depends largely on the final application. Fnrthermore, the criteria for selecting the immobilization methods shonld also take into acconnt that the immobilized enzyme should retain an acceptable level of activity over a certain period of time in terms of economic or clinical aspects. 

In view of the fact that the plasma and cellular milieu contains reactive species that can rapidly inactivate NO, it has been postulated that NO is stabilised by a carrier molecule that preserves its biological activity. Reduced thiol species are candidates for this role, as they readily react in the presence of NO to yield biologically reactive S-nitrosothiols that are more stable, and possibly more potent than NO itself (IGNARRO et al. 1981, Mendelsohn et al. 1990). Sulfhydryl groups in proteins, and free cysteine and GSH represent an abundant source of reduced thiol in biological systems. There is increas-... 

Molz et al. synthesized monomers containing the cytostatic bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group linked via urethane or 0-acylated hydroxamic acid bonds to polymerizable methacrylic acid derivatives. Copolymers with hydrophilic monomers, e.g. 2-(methyl-sulfinyl)ethyl methacrylate, yielded biologically active compounds of the structure... 

ATP has been shown to react with carboxylic acids (133c), amino acids (133d), and sulfate (133e) in the presence of the appropriate enzyme system to yield biologically active mixed anhydrides of AMP plus pyrophos-... 

Although excess dietary vitamin D is toxic, excessive exposure to sunlight does not lead to vitamin D poisoning. There is a limited capacity to form the precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol, in the skin, and a limited capacity to take up cholecalciferol from the skin. Furthermore, prolonged exposure of previtamin D to UV light results in further reactions to yield biologically inactive compounds. 

Recombinant DNA techniques are widely used in the production of therapeutic proteins, and the problems associated with solubility, structural integrity and biological activity, and contamination with host proteins have to be reduced to a minimum. Consequently, the development of fast, reliable analytical assays is essential for monitoring the progress of a purification process and assessing its effectiveness (yield, biological activity, recovery) [4]. 

Dehydroascorbic acid hydrolysis yields biologically inactive 2,3-dioxogulonic (L-threo-hexo-2,3-diulosonic) acid. In aqueous solutions, this acid is present as a dihydrate (Figure 5.31). The reaction is generally acid-base catalysed. The activity of important ions and undissociated molecules decreases in the order hydroxyl ions (HO ) > hydronium ions (H3O+) > anions of carboxylic acids R-COO ) > undissociated carboxylic acids (R-COOH) > water. The catalytic effect of hydroxyl ions is about 15x10 times higher than that of hydronium ions. This means that the reaction rate in the solution of pH 4 is 15x 10 times lower than in solution of pH 10. Dehydroascorbic acid is most stable in solutions of pH 2.S-5.5, where the reaction is only catalysed by undissociated water molecules and is rapidly hydrolysed in neutral and alkaline solutions. 

More than ten years have elapsed since the publication of a comprehensive review on the quassinoids, the bitter principles of the Simaroubaceae family (80). Interest in these terpenoids has increased enormously in recent years due in part to the finding of the American National Cancer Institute in the early 1970s that these compounds display marked antileukemic activity. Furthermore, a wide spectrum of other biological properties for the quassinoids has been discovered and studies on chemical modifications of inactive members to yield biologically active ones were undertaken. New structures have been established also and numerous synthetic approaches have been developed which include the total synthesis of the parent compound, quassin (p. 250) and also that of castelanolide (p. 253). 

The number of libraries yielding biologically active agents is impressive and it is a testimony to the rapid acceptance of this technology in drug discovery. In the future, one will likely witness greater attention applied to the selection of synthons and the physio-chemical properties of libraries (MW, logP, pharma-... 

Comprehensive survey of chemical libraries yielding biologically active agents - Dolle... 

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