Meridional direction

This is the Porod law for the large angle tail of the scattering curve in the meridional direction. In this case, the scattered intensity is proportional to -at large scattering angles. 

In addition to the crystal forms, X-ray scattering studies indicate that when unoriented PEN fiber was drawn at 120 °C ( 7 g), a mesophase is generated. In this form, the molecular chains are in registry with each other in the meridional direction but not fully crystallized in the equatorial direction. This conclusion was based on the presence of additional meridional peaks not accounted for by the crystal structure obtained by X-ray scattering. The mesophase is a intermediate phase and its existence is strongly dependent upon the processing conditions consequently, it could have implications with respect to the properties of commercially produced fibers and films, since it appears to be stable and not easily converted to the crystalline form, even at elevated temperature [25, 26], The mesophase structures of PET, PEN and poly(ethylene naphthalate bibenzoate) were compared by Carr et al. [27], The phase behavior of PEN and PEN blends with other polymers has also been studied [28-32],... 

Fig. 21 Experimental geometry and schematics of the aligned PF2/6 films. Above-. Uniaxi-ally aligned frozen-in nematic PF2/6 microstructures. Below Biaxially aligned hexagonal PF2/6 microstructures with crystallite types I—III. Assuming chain alignment (i.e., the c axis) along the rubbing direction, then the equatorial and meridional directions may be defined by the (xyO) plane and z-axis, respectively. See [114,115] for details...

Time constants for transport by the meridional and zonal winds can be derived in similar fashion, but in these directions it is somewhat more difficult to characterize the typical gradients of chemical species. Assuming for these horizontal changes a typical length scale of about 1000 km in the zonal and meridional directions, the time constant for transport by the zonal winds is of the order of days throughout the middle atmosphere, while that for mean meridional transport is of the order of months in the stratosphere and days in the upper mesosphere. 

The special case of zonal asymmetries should also be mentioned. The vector wind is generally aligned along latitude circles in summer, but in winter the influence of planetary waves can cause the vector wind to flow across latitude lines (see Figure 3.13). Under these zonally asymmetric conditions, the local wind speed in the meridional direction is much greater than the mean meridional wind. Indeed, winds of zonal speeds (tens of meters per second) can flow across latitude lines, and any species exhibiting a latitude gradient will be affected. 

The collagen small-angle layer lines are remarkable for their sharpness, i.e., their small breadth in the meridional direction, and their large... 

Derive an expression for the ratio of the radius of a powder ring observed in the equatorial direction to the radius observed in the meridional direction for scattering at the angle 29 in a cylindrical X-ray camera. Evaluate the ratio for 20 = 30°. (Assume that the sample is on the axis of the camera.)... 

A full description of atmospheric waves is beyond the scope of this work however, it is possible to gain some insights into the mechanisms responsible for wave motion by considering a simplified set of equations that govern the motions of the eddies, or perturbations, to the zonal-mean flow. This set consists of the momentum equations in the zonal and meridional directions. 

Figure 3.18. Schematic of the double-oriented-kebab structure (left). E and M represent the equatorial and meridional directions, respectively. 2D SAXS pattern of the cooling of nucleated PP (right). [Adapted, by permission, from Jin, M Liu, K Liu, H Zhang, Y Du, H Li, X Zhang, J, Polym. Test., 39, 1-11, 2014.]...

Fig. S.7. Effect of irradiation on the small-angle Xnny scattering intensity in the meridional direction of po trioxane) using a Kratky U-slit camera x, original irradiated, 0,0.3 MGy (p, 0.5 MGy , 1.0 MGy...

Fig. 5.12. Small-angle X-ray scattering curves of poly(tetroxocane) obtained at 84 °C in the meridional direction...

The observed intensity of the (003) plane in the meridional direction was slightly overlapped with that of the broad (310) peak approximately at 16 in the... 

The total scattered intensity can be obtained by integrating different regions of the 2-D pattern. Usually, focus is posed on the diameters along the equatorial and meridional directions. This allows to monitor the development of structural modifications during the deformation. Jansen et al integrated the 2-D patterns and then applied the Porod equation, quantitatively characterizing the size of the crazes which form as a consequence of tensile stress. 

Resolving the force equilibrium along the thickness, circumferential and meridional directions results in ... 

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