World sugar production and

Fig. 1. U.S. sweetener consumption, 1980—1992, where represents sucrose ( ), com sweeteners and ( ), noncalotic sweeteners. In each country of the modem world, sugar production and trade play major social, pohtical, and economical roles. In order to regulate and protect export, import, stocks, subsidies, tariffs, etc, an enormous number of laws have been enacted and agreements concluded on sugar, both domestically and internationally. Also, insofar as sugar is a basic staple for a large population, each country keeps a watchhil eye on sugar production, consumption, and price, which vary widely from country to country, as shown in Table 2 (7,8). Table 2. World Sugar Production, Consumption, and Retail Prices, 1993-1995 ...

Table I World Sugar Production and Consumption (Millions of Metric Tons)...

Table 2. World Sugar Production, Consumption, and Retail Prices, 1993—1995...

Cane sugar production currently amounts to approximately 65 percent of the total world sugar production. The largest seven producers are EC-12, India, the former Soviet Union, Cuba, Brazil, China, and the United States, in that order. ... 

Production and consumption statistics for sucrose are shown ia Table 1. World production of sucrose dufing 1993—1994 was - 110 million metric tons, of which - 64% was derived from sugarcane. The largest producer is the European Union (EU), followed closely by India and Bra2il. In 1993—1994, the United States ranked fourth in production. World raw sugar prices from 1990—1995 ranged from 20.20—32. l0/kg (10). 

Table 8. Cane Sugar Production, World and Selected Countries, 1(P t...

The effect of World War 11 was very drastically felt in the sugar industry. Raw materials, machine parts, and maintenance items needed to maintain sugar processing were diverted to the war industry. Many sugar industry experts were conscripted into the armed forces. In the European theater of war, factories and agriculture were destroyed. At the end of World War 11 sugar production barely totalled 19,162,000 t/yr. 

Fig. 2. World sugar balance, where represents opening stocks H, production consumption and ending stocks (9,10).

Uses. High fmctose symp is used as a partial or complete replacement for sucrose or invert sugar in food appHcations to provide sweetness, flavor enhancement, fermentables, or humectant properties. It is used in beverages, baking, confections, processed foods, dairy products, and other apphcations. Worldwide HES production in the 1994—1995 fiscal year was estimated at about 8.6 x 10 t (dry basis) (18). About 75% of total world production is in the United States. 

The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) jointiy sponsor the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which conducts a program for developing worldwide food standards. The Codex Committee for Cocoa Products and Chocolate has developed standards for chocolate (Codex Standard 87-1981), and cocoa powders and dry cocoa—sugar mixtures (Codex Standard 105-1981). As a member of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the United States is obligated to consider all Codex standards for acceptance. 

Fairly extensive pesticide programs could be put into practice on approximately 8,000,000 of the estimated 15,000,000 acres that are in sugar production throughout the world. Weeds, diseases, insects, rats, and the bacteria that cause inversion in freshly expressed juice and the pesticides now in use for their control are discussed. Estimates are given of the amounts now in use, that probable in future use, and the possible maximum use. 

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