Work softening

Setting, Spreadability, Hardness, Work Softening and Thixotropy... 

Several rheological characteristics of milk fat and butter have practical significance. Setting, spreadability, hardness, work softening and thixotropy are affected by the rheology of milk fat. Setting refers to the continued increase in the firmness of newly manufactured butter. Increases in firmness... 

Shama, F., Sherman, P. 1970. The influence of work softening on the viscoelastic properties of butter and margarine. J. Text. Stud. 1, 196-205. 

The work softening is influenced not only by the nature of the mechanical treatment but also by temperature conditions and the size and quantity of fat crystals. 

Soft Margarine. In order to fill the container properly, soft margarine must be quite fluid. Usually there are no quiescent tubes. A large blender is used for work softening so that the product does not become brittle as a result of excess crystallization in the bowl (Figure 4). For a low-solids oil blend the blender can be placed between the A units or replaced with an extrusion valve to avoid... 

Barry, B.W. Grace, A.J. Rheological and sensory evaluation of work softening and recovery of pharmaceutical white soft paraffins. J. Pharm. Sci. 1971, 60, 1198-1203. 

We have pointed out the existence of regions of cold work, softening, complete anneal, and of falling off of ductility. Only one region, that of complete anneal, produces a techni-... 

FIGURE 17.25 The yield stress plastic fats, (a) Examples of the dependence of fraction solid [Pg.767]

Butter is packed directly after manufacture or after setting in mini, consumer or bulk packs. Packaging after storage is done to obtain less firm products this necessitates kneading (work softening) at the packaging stage. 

Apart from work-softening, controlled crystallization of the milk fat in the fat globules of the cream is the most frequently applied method to reduce the firmness of butter, especially at lower (refrigerator) temperatures. Owing to the unique fatty acid pattern of the milk fat triacylglycerols, milk fat crystallizes in two... 

Sometimes, the yield-point is followed by an extensive region of work-softening, especially in stoichiometric spinel. 

Stress-strain curves for 111 (110) and 110 (110) slip show similar features, although work softening appears to be more dramatic for 110 (110) slip in stoichiometric spinel (see Figure 9.23d). 

The work-softening phenomenon is due then to a reduction in dislocation density with increasing strain. This was shown clearly by Donlon et al. [142], who measured... 

A. Inoue, H.M. Kimura, M. Watanabe, A. Kawabata, Work softening of aluminum base alloys containing nanoscale icosahedral phase. Mater. Trans. JIM 38(9), 756-760 (1997)... 

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