Work electroluminescence

Within the limitations on the physical properties which generally restrict plastics to low precision optics, plastics materials have found wide applications in optical products that range from lights to binders for electroluminescent phosphors to fiber optics and lasers. They represent an easily worked material with a wide range of desirable optical properties in simple to complex shapes. In this review the discussion has been limited to the differences between plastics and optical glass materials and to some of the unique design possibilities that are especially important for plastics. Using the optical arts and the... 

Having investigated the electrochemical behavior of ZnSe, and in view of the well-known blue luminescence of the compound, the previous authors extended their work to study electroluminescence from I-doped n-ZnSe crystals under anodic polarization in aqueous media containing metal ions such as Cu(II) and Sn(II) [123]. 

It was observed in other works that in sulfide electrolyte, decomposition of ZnSe was still obtained stable PECs could be constructed though from singlecrystal, n-type, Al-doped ZnSe electrodes and aqueous diselenide or ditelluride electrolytes [124]. Long-term experiments in these electrolytes were accompanied by little electrode weight loss, while relatively constant photocurrents and lack of surface damage were obtained, as well as competitive electrolyte oxidation. Photoluminescence and electroluminescence from the n-ZnSe Al electrodes were investigated. 

The first observations of electroluminescence from organic materials were made in the 1950s [1]. Interest in this phenomenon was fueled by the work of Pope et al. [2], who observed electroluminescence from single crystals of anthracene. A voltage was applied between silver paste electrodes that were placed on the opposite sides of an anthracene... 

The majority of application-related work exploiting the visible PL from PS is aimed at the fabrication of electroluminescent solid-state devices. Only a few other applications of the PL of PS, e.g. the use of luminescent PS for fluorescent labels in biosensing [Akl] or for chemical sensing [Le26], have been proposed. This section therefore focuses on PS-based EL devices. Note that EL from porous structures using wet contacts is discussed in Section 7.4. 

The second claim by lida et al. (2007) refers to a composite of an organic electroluminescence device comprising a luminescent material and triarylamine cation-radicals that open a possibility to use a lowered working voltage and to enhance the device durability. Scheme 8.7 represents one of the examples from this patent. 

Cathode (low-working function metat) Electroluminescent polymer Anode (indium tin oxide)... 

The use of conjugated light emitting polymers in the construction and commercialisation of organic LEDs is described in the section 3.8.6 on electroluminescence phenomena of Chapter 3. The rapid expansion of the development work on LEDs has inevitably led to the examination of luminescent conjugated polymers as materials for constructing laser diodes. 

Studies of semiconductor films have shown many facets. The properties of epitaxial films have mainly been investigated on Ge and Si, and to a lesser degree on III—V compounds. Much work, lias been done on polycrystalline II-VI films, particularly with regard to the stoichiometry of the deposits, doping and post-deposition treatments, conductivity and carrier mobility, photo-conductance, fluorescence,electroluminescence, and metal-semiconductor junction properties. Among other semiconductors, selenium, tellunum. and a few transition metal oxides have found some interest. 

A complementary application to the use of Os complexes in photovoltaic cells is the use of luminescent Os complexes in electroluminescent devices. There has been a significant amount of work in this area, particularly as it applies to the development of Os complexes with high quantum yields for phosphorescence. A review of transition metal complexes used in OLED development was published in 2006 by Evans et al. [126]. Another very recent review discusses various Os(II) carbonyl complexes with diketonate, hydroxyquinolate, bipyridine, and phenanthroline ligands as emitters in OLED devices [127]. A few select examples of Os complexes in OLEDs are presented here. 

Despite the extensive application of ruthenium complexes in DSSC, transition metal containing polymers have received relatively little attention in the fabrication of polymeric photovoltaic cells. Most of the early works on ruthenium containing polymers were focused on the light-emitting properties.58-60 Several examples of ruthenium terpyridine/bipyridine containing conjugated polymers and their photoconducting/electroluminescent properties were reported.61,62... 

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