Withdrawal, definition

Finally water removal capacity of reactant streams, especially air stream, withdraws definitively a part of the water from the cell module. These quantities could become very significant at high temperature, exceeding the water produced by electrochemical reaction. This happens because evaporation rate and saturated vapor pressure of water increase with temperature in a non-linear relationship [1],... 

As acetic acid is produced on hydrolysis, the progress of the reaction is followed by withdrawing definite volumes of the reaction mixture at suitable time intervals and titrating against a standard alkali solution. The increase in the volume of alkali used is a measure of methyl acetate hydrolysed. If V,, and Too... 

These findings were unexpected because previous studies had demonstrated that the y2 subunit is required for potentiation of GABAa receptor function by low concentrations of ethanol [2]. The y2 subunit gene is located within a definitely mapped quantitative trait locus (QTL) for acute alcohol withdrawal on mouse chromosome 11 [1]. Allelic variation was genetically... 

Similarly opioid peptides are important in nicotine addiction and may have a role in causing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in some smokers [35]. Opioid antagonists such as naltrexone are licensed treatments for dependence syndromes arising from other addictive drugs and could also be of use in some smokers to aid nicotine withdrawal [59] although there is no definitive evidence overall that they are beneficial [60]. 

The eigenvalues calculated either by the Merrifield or ABO method are nearly identical. As can be seen, this analysis leads to the prediction of a number of low-lying infrared absorption bands for this complex. In a discussion of the structure of the Creutz-Taube ion, I pointed out some time ago (27) that the evidence definitely favors a well-delocalized ground state (6 < 1), and predicted that these infrared bands would, thus, not be observed. In a recent publication, Krausz, et al., report that a search for the bands indeed gave negative results, and withdraw their proposed interpretation of the spectrum (48). 

Since operational definition of physical dependence is the tendency to display a withdrawal syndrome after drug termination, the severity of the withdrawal syndrome is the most commonly used indicator of the degree of physical dependence. Rodent models differ in at least three dimensions the means used to induce physical dependence, the means subsequently used to induce a withdrawal syndrome and the variables nsed to estimate the severity of the withdrawal syndrome. Two models may be identical in one of these respects, yet totally different in another. 

Historically, the treatment of alcohol use disorders with medication has focused on the management of withdrawal from the alcohol. In recent years, medication has also been used in an attempt to prevent relapse in alcohol-dependent patients. The treatment of alcohol withdrawal, known as detoxification, by definition uses replacement medications that, like alcohol, act on the GABA receptor. These medications (i.e., barbiturates and benzodiazepines) are cross-tolerant with alcohol and therefore are useful for detoxification. By contrast, a wide variety of theoretical approaches have been used to reduce the likelihood of relapse. This includes aversion therapy and anticraving therapies using reward substitutes and interference approaches. Finally, medications to treat comorbid psychiatric illness, in particular, depression, have also been used in attempts to reduce the likelihood of relapse. 

Flumazenil s one problematic side effect is that it can trigger benzodiazepine withdrawal including increased pulse, increased blood pressure, shakiness, anxiety, and seizures. Because it is only used in the hospital, supportive medical care is, by definition, available if this occurs. 

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