Winslow effect

Winslow effect See electrorheological effect. wrought iron A form of iron that contains no more than about 1 percent carbon. 

Electrorheological Fluid A dispersion of microscopic particles suspended in a low permittivity, low conductivity liquid such that the dispersion s flow properties change in the presence of electric fields. Also termed ER fluids the electrorheological effect is also termed the Winslow effect. When an electric field is applied to an ER fluid, the polarizable particles become electric dipoles and can align to form chains and more complex structures as a result the fluid becomes more viscous and may form a gel. Example cornstarch dispersed in corn oil and subjected to an electric field gradient of about 10,000 V/cm. See also reference 18. 

The phenomenon of the viscosity of a polar liquid (such as glycerin) increasing slightly when an external electric field is applied (ER effect) was observed as early as the end of the nineteenth century [51]. In 1947, Winslow applied an electric field on a suspension of limestone particles in mineral oil to refine the mineral oil. He then discovered that the viscosity of the suspension solution increased drastically [52, 53]. The electro-rheological effect (ER effect) of a particle-suspension liquid is also called the Winslow effect. Winslow further found significant effects on silica and starch and thus thought that the ER effect originates from the moisture contained on the particles. 

Fig. 3-3. Attenuation and filtering of polychromatic x-rays by aluminum. Variation of effective wavelength with thickness. The effective wavelengths shown in tin figure correspond to the measured mass absorption coefficients. The change ir effective wavelength accounts for the deviations from the (dashed) straight lines The x-ray intensities used gave 210 /xamp through 0.0127-cm aluminum (curve A) 3200 /xamp through 0.381-cm aluminum (curve B). (Liebhafsky, Smith, Tanis, anc Winslow, Anal. Chem., 19, 861.)...

In experiments with mice and squirrel monkeys, we confirmed and extended the antagonism of amphetamine-induced motor hyperactivity by naltrexone at the same time, however, amphetamine s disruption of aggressive and social behavior was not reversed by naltrexone (Winslow and Miczek, in press). Specifically, in mice, the resident s attack and threat behavior toward an intruder was even further reduced by amphetamine after naltrexone pretreatment (figure 7). Squirrel monkeys that are dominant within their social group exhibit significantly lower levels of aggressive display toward other group members and initiate fewer social interactions after amphetamine treatment naltrexone did not block these effects. The interactive effects of amphetamine and naltrexone on locomotor behavior are consistent with the proposed modulation of dopamine-mediated functions by opioids however, the interaction between amphetamine and naltrexone on social behavior appears to involve a different mechanism. 

In different species, the OT has been found to influence a wide range of social behaviors, including maternal and paternal behavior, sexual, aggressive and affiliative behaviors, olfactory investigation, and social recognition memory. These relationships are complex, with OT effects, dose-response relationships, and directionality differing across species. In a number of studies, OT infusion has had contrasting effects on the social behaviors of various species (Winslow et ah. 

Separation distress, as measured by the frequency of isolation distress calls emitted by pups separated from their mothers, was decreased in knockout pups, relative to wild-type youngsters. The level of decrease in OT expression paralleled the decrease in distress call frequency (Winslow et ah, 2000). This suggests that youngsters with OT deficits do not form proper social attachments early in life consequently, they are not as distressed as wild-type pups by separation from their mothers. Alternatively, reduced vocalization in OT knockout pups may relate to reduced fearfulness in general, as well as to reduced sensitivity to maternal separation (Winslow et al., 2000). Administration of OT to infant rats had a quieting effect on pups separated from their mothers. 

Perez KT, Morrison GE, Davey EW, Lackie NF, Soper AE, Blasco RJ, Winslow DL, Johnson RL, Murphy PG, Heltshe JF. 1991. Influence of size on fate and ecological effects of Kepone in physical models. Ecol Appl 1 237-248. 

Gamlin F, Freeman J, Winslow L, Berridge J, Vncevic M. The haemodynamic effects of propofol in combination with ephedrine in elderly patients (ASA gronps 3 and 4). Anaesth Intensive Care 1999 27(5) 477-80. 

Koliatsos, V. E., Price, D. L., Gouras, G. K., Cayouette, M. El., Burton, L. E., and Winslow, J. W., Highly selective effects of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin-3 on intact and injured basal forebrain magnocel-lular neurons, J. Comp. Neurol., 343, 247, 1994. 

The "chemi-crystallization" phenomenon observed under these conditions has been discussed by Winslow and coworkers in a series of papers (.2, 27). In effect, the close-packing ability in-... 

Winslow, C. E. A., Dolloff, A. F. (1928). Relative importance of additive and antagonistic effects of cations upon bacterial viability. Journal of Bacteriology, 15, 67-92. 

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