Winnick studies

Manners, Winnick, and their collaborators22 have studied the self-assembly into cylindrical micelles of block copolymers formed from poly(ferrocenylsilanes) (R/R = Me/Me) and poly(dimethylsiloxane). By ensuring that the poly(dimethylsiloxane)... 

Townley and Winnick [102] studied the removal of SO gases at the cathode from simulated coal-burning power plant stack gases. The cell functioned in two modes, used a molten sulfate electrolyte and 10 cm LiCr02 electrodes, and operated at 512 °C. In the first mode, the electrochemical cell was driven electrolytically by applying 0.7 V across the two electrodes. The following reactions were thought to take place at the cathode (information on the equilibrium potentials for SO2 and SO3 reduction can be obtained from [101] ... 

To diminish electrode pore flooding, McHenry and Winnick [106] studied new membrane formulations which included borosilicate glass and zeolites. These showed improved electrolyte retention and polarization behavior as compared with MgO-based membranes. The reduction in flooding allowed the cell to handle three times the current for the same applied overpotential. The same authors [107] also found that Lao,8Sro.2Co03 electrodes reacted with the molten pyrosulfate electrolyte. Lithium-doped nickel oxide replacement electrodes, however, were not degraded. 

Weaver and Winnick [111] studied the performance of a nickel/nickel sulfide cathode for the electrochemical removal of hydrogen sulfide gas from a gas stream. At 650 °C, the porous nickel cathode was converted in situ to Ni3+ S2 by the H2S in the feed gas stream. The exact composition of the nickel sulfide was found to be a function of the H2S/H2 ratio in the gas stream. A current density of 150 mA/cm was attained at an iR free cathodic overpotential of 300 mV. A maximum H2S removal of 40% was reported. The low removal percentage was due to mass transport limitations of the reactant gas to the electrode. 

Ding and Winnick [52] studied the recovery of chlorine from a molten LiCl-KCl eutectic. The usual oxidation of the chloride ion takes place at the anode. The cathode generates hydrogen gas from anhydrous HCl, at the same time replacing the chloride ion ... 

Lu KH, Winnick T. Studies of nucleic acid metabolism in embryonic tissue culture with the aid of C -labeled purines. Exp Cell Res 6 345-352, 1954. See also Lajtha CP, Oliver R, Ellis, F. Incorporation of P and adenine- C into DNA by human bone marrow cells in... 

In the endeavor of determining the metabolic requirements of homogenates, many attempts were made to rid them of unessential components and, even before the mtes of protein synthesis had been studied in the intact cell, Winnick and associates 73) found that the sediment obtained by centrifuging a rat liver homogenate was about twice as active as the whole homogenate, and the supernatant much less so. The particulate fraction studied by these workers probably consisted mostly of nuclei and mitochondria with some (aggregated) microsomes. 

Another group of experimentors tried to study the preferential utilisation of intact proteins or partial hydrolysates by means of the metabolic trap technique, which consists in measuring the effectiveness with which a labeled free amino acid can compete with larger protein fragments in the formation of new protein. The most positive evidence for the direct utilisation of such fn ments was generally found with embryonic and tumor tissues. Thus Ebert (343) found that when transplants of chick embryo kidney, liver, or spleen, labeled with S -methionine, were made into chick embryos, the radioactivity appeared predominantly in the correspondit organ, and that this transfer of radioactivity could not be inhibited by free methionine. Similarly, Francis and Winnick (344) found that the soluble proteins of a chick embryo extract were utilized in preference to free amino acids by embryonic heart cultures and that, furthermore, p-fluorophenyl-alanine did not inhibit the transfer of phenylalanine from the embryo extract proteins. These experiments, however, are open to many interpretations, especially since functional adoption (or merely adsorption) of the exogenous proteins by the different tissues has not been excluded. 

The transfer of plasma proteins to tumor tissues was studied by Babson and Winnick (343) who noted that plasma proteins were more efficiently transferred to tumor tissue (Walker carcinoma) than to normal tissue, and were there utilized in preference to free injected amino acid. However, since, as we have seen, exchange of exogenous amino acids with the intracellular pools is not very efficient anyway, such experiments are not meaningful unless the specific activity of the pool amino acids is determined. Moreover, it must be demonstrated that transfer of whole plasma protein does not occur. When all of these factors were taken into consideration, and the amount of intact serum albumin in the different organs determined by immunological means, Campbell and Stone (346) found no evidence for a utilization of breakdown products other than free amino acids. 

The Py scale of Dong and Winnick The Py scale is based on the ratio between the intensity of components (0,0) I, and (0,2) I3 of the fluorescence of monomeric pyrene (3) in various solvents. It was initially estabhshed for 95 solvents and spans values from 0.41 for the gas phase to 1.95 for DMSO. This scale is primarily used in biochemical studies, which usually involve fluorescent probes. However, it poses problems arising largely from the difficulty of obtaining precise val-... 

---