William A. Steele

William A. Steele, Dept, of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. 

Investigations around the world has shown extensive problems with poor grouting of the ducts and consequent leakage of water, with and without chlorides, onto the steel cables with subsequent severe corrosion. In some cases this has lead to failure of bridges and other structures (e.g. Woodward and Williams, 1988). The problem is that once the steel has been placed 50-100 mm or deeper within a structure, surrounded by a steel or polymer conduit, normal non-destructive test techniques are not effective. 

Whilst the work of Boothby and Williams has shown that meaningful reductions In the trace element content can be made, albeit at a price. It Is unlikely that complete elimination can be achieved. Additionally, even assuming the elimination of reinforcement and prestressing tendons from the active zone. It would appear from discussions with liner designers that they see no alternative to a steel liner securely fixed to the vessel concrete. There will also always be steel penetrations connected to the liner. Thus the emission of gamma radiation from steel In activated concrete will be a persistant problem to some degree. 

Hogan, William T. Steel in the Twenty-first Century Competition Forges a New World Order. New York Lexington Books, 1994. Intended for general audiences, this economic study of the steel industry is based on primary and secondary sources as well as interviews with top steel mans ement from all over the world. Bibliography and index. 

Karavasilis TL, Blakeborough T, Williams MS (2011b) Development of nonlinear analytical model and seismic analyses of a steel frame with self-centering devices and viscoelastic dampers. Comput Struct 89(11-12) 1232-1240... 

Contrac tors bids offer the most rehable information on cost. Order-of-magnitude costs, however, may be required for preliminary studies. One way of estimating them is to obtain cost information from similar facihties and scale it to the proposed installation. Costs of steel storage tanks and vessels have been found to vaiy approximately as the 0.6 to 0.7 power of their weight [see Happel, Chemical Process Economics, Wiley, 1958, p. 267 also Williams, Chem. Eng., 54(12), 124 (1947)]. AU estimates cased on the costs of existing eqiiipment must be corrected for changes in the price index from the date when the equipment was built. Considerable uncertainty is involved in adjusting data more than a few years old. 

Should be distd under reduced pressure under nitrogen and stored in the dark. Purified via the nitrosochloride [Waterman et al. Reel Trav Chim Pays-Bas 48 1191 7929]. For purification of optically active forms see Lynn [J Am Chem Sac 91 361 1919]. Small quantities (0.5mL) have been purified by GLC using helium as carrier gas and a column at 90 packed with 20 wt% of polypropylene sebacate on a Chromosorb support. Larger quantities were fractionally distd under reduced pressure in a column packed with stainless steel gauze spirals. Material could be dried with CaH2 or sodium, and stored in a refrigerator CaS04 and silica gel were not satisfactory because they induced spontaneous isomerisation. [Bates, Best and Williams 7 C/iem Soc 1521 7962.]... 

Figure 4.31. A comparison of the results from shock temperature measurements on Fe. Hatchured area for Fe melting is defined by the results of Bass et al. (1987), Williams et al. (1987), and the theoretical calculations of McQueen et al. (1970) predict that the shock temperatures of solid stainless steel are lower than for pure, solid iron, as observed.

A fresh start and the true beginning of bicycles becoming a popular means of transportation can be traced to around 1886 and the efforts of John Kemp Starley and William Sutton. With equal-sized wheels, tubular steel diamond-shaped frame geometry, and a chain-and-sprocket chain drive to the rear wheel, the safety bike looked much like the modern version. 

Potentiostatic tests " have been used and Wilde and Williams in potentiokinetic studies of the critical breakdown potential of stainless steels (Types 430 and 304) in 1 -0 mol dm" NaCl, showed that the nature of the gas used to purge the solution has a pronounced effect on the value of... 

Rottapel, R., Reedijk, M., Williams, D. E., Lyman, S. D., Anderson, D. M., Pawson, T., and Bernstein, A. (1991). The Steel/W transduction pathway kit autophosphorylation and its association with a unique subset of cytoplasmic signaling proteins is induced by the Steel factor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 3043-3051. 

Copeland, N.G., Gilbert, D.J., Cho, B.C., Donovan, P.J., Jenkins, N.A., Cosman, D., Anderson, D., Lyman, S.D. and Williams, D.E. (1990) Mast cell growth factor maps near the steel locus on mouse chromosome 10 and is deleted in a number of steel alleles. Cell 63, 175-183. 

For calculation of flow in fire main systems, the design engineer should use the Hazen-Williams friction coefficient of C = 100 in the design of bare steel and concrete steel lined pipingforfire water systemsto allow for future deterioration as the system ages. A friction coefficient of C = 140 may be used for plastic pipe, such as fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 

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