Wilhelm Ostwald process

In 1838, Frederic Kuhlmann discovered die formation of nitrogen oxide (NO) during die catalytic oxidation of ammonia. Wilhelm Ostwald developed die production mediods in 1902 and established die base for today s major commercial processes. However, industrial production began only after Haber and Bosch developed the synthesis of ammonia around 1916. 

Commercially, nitric acid is made by a three-step process developed by the German physical chemist Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932). The starting material is ammonia, which is burned in an excess of air at 900°C, using a platinum-rhodium catalyst ... 

Researchers returned to the oxidation of ammonia in air, (recorded as early as 1798) in an effort to improve production economics. In 1901 Wilhelm Ostwald had first achieved the catalytic oxidation of ammonia over a platinum catalyst. The gaseous nitrogen oxides produced could be easily cooled and dissolved in water to produce a solution of nitric acid. This achievement began the search for an economic process route. By 1908 the first commercial facility for production of nitric acid, using this new catalytic oxidation process, was commissioned near Bochum in Germany. The Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process came into operation in 1913, leading to the continued development and assured future of the ammonia oxidation process for the production of nitric acid. 

Another great modern theorist was Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932) of Germany, a Nobel Prize winner in chemistry. Ostwald developed the process for converting ammonia and oxygen to nitric acid. His color system, devised about 1915, had four primaries—red, yellow, sea-green, and blue—and four... 

Wilhelm Ostwald not only devised a color system, as described above, but also developed a process for making nitric acid. About 15.4 billion lbs. (7 billion kg) of nitric acid are produced in the United States each year. 

The Ostwald process is the basis for the modem family of processes that make nitric acid by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia. Wilhelm Ostwald, a German physical chemist, discovered it in 1900. The process was used by Germany during World War I to make explosives after the Allied blockade cut off the regular German supply of nitrites from Chile and other places96. 

In 1897, Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932) published his now famous study of crystallization processes, which led to the Ostwald rule of stages or Ostwald step rule (Ostwald, 1897). Ostwald noticed that the course of transformation of unstable (or metastable) states into stable states normally occurs in stages,... 

Ostwald The basis of the modem family of processes for making nitric acid by the oxidation of ammonia over a platinum catalyst. Named after the eminent German physical chemist Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (1853 to 1932). His invention was patented in the United States in 1902, but the patent was not granted in Germany, where the process had to be operated in secret. Ostwald received the Nobel Prize for this work in 1909. 

Wilhelm Ostwald exploited this process in the early 1900s for the oxidation of NH3 using wires woven into gauzes, and this process is still the basis of commercial oxidation of NH3 to NO in the reaction ... 

Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932). German chemist. Ostwald made important contributions to chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, and electrochemistry. He developed the industrial process for preparing nitric acid that now bears his name. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909. 

The chemical nature and composition of nitric acid were first determined in 1784 by the English chemist and physicist Henry Cavendish (1731-1810). Cavendish applied an electric spark to moist air and found that a new compound-nitric acid-was formed. Cavendish was later able to determine the acid s chemical and physical properties and its chemical composition. The method of preparation most commonly used for nitric acid today was one invented in 1901 by the Russian-born German chemist Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932). The Ostwald process involves the oxidation of ammonia over a catalyst of platinum or a platinum-rhodium mixture. 

It would be convenient if the kinetic reaction profile in Figure 5.2 could be used directly, without the need for any further processing of the data, to obtain information about the experimental rate equation for the decomposition of N2O5. In fact, a preliminary check can be carried out using a method based on the idea of reaction half-life, which is denoted by fi/2. This approach was suggested many years ago by Wilhelm Ostwald who was Professor of Chemistry at Leipzig (1887-1906) and a Nobel prizewinner (1909). 

Gerhard Kreysa was bom in 1945 in Dresden. He studied chemistry at the University of Dresden and received his Ph.D. in 1970. In 1973, he joined the Karl Winnacker Institute of DECHEMA in Frankfurt am Main. He developed new concepts for the utilization of three-dimensional electrodes, which became prominent for electrochemical waste water treatment in the process industry. He also played a leading role in the clarification of the "cold fusion" affaire in 1989. In 1985, he was appointed as professor in the Chemical Engineering Department at the University of Dortmund. In 1993, he was appointed as honorary professor at the University of Regensburg. From 1985 to 1995, he served as executive editorial board member of the Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. He was a recipient of the Chemviron Award in 1980, the Max-Buchner-Research-Award of DECHEMA and the Castner Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1994, and the Wilhelm Ostwald Medal of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig in 2006. 

The search for models of biological membranes started at the end of the 19th century. This general interest in membranes was expressed by the famous German physico-chemist Wilhelm Ostwald who wrote Not only mysterious phenomena of electric fish but also processes occurring in muscles and nerves will be, in the future, explained by semipermeable membranes [1]. 

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