What is the optimum

At first this may appear complicated but the last two terms are present simply to put a bias towards solutions in which resolutions take place in 7-16 min and the factors are a measure of the relative importance of staying within the individual time limits. If the first peak elutes in under 7 min it may co-elute with non-retained or weakly retained interferences while if the second peak elutes after 16 min the analysis time will be becoming too long. 

A similar CRF may be used for the separation of more than two peaks if it is known that there will always be one critical compound which elutes closest to the main compound of interest. This may be the case for example in a method for determining the purity of a compound when there is one impurity which is very closely structurally related to the compound of interest and therefore much more difficult to resolve from the peak for the main component of the sample than anything else. In other cases, however, it may be equally important to separate all the components from one another. In such instances there must be a high weighting on solutions where the number of peaks observed is the same as the number of components in the sample. Another feature of such examples is that when experimental variables are changed, the elution order of the compounds may change. In some optimisation procedures this is ignored but more frequently the peaks are tracked . This may be done, for 

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Reduce the frequency of hazardous operations such as sampling or maintenance. What is the optimum balance between rehability and maintenance ... 

What is the optimum material for the pressure hull What are the mass, wall thickness and limiting failure mechanism of the optimum pressure hull ... 

Y ater dimer distance variation provides a sequence of structures for water dimer at different nonbonded OH distances. Plot energy (vertical axis) vs. nonbonded OH distance (horizontal axis). What is the optimum distance How much energy is required to increase this distance by 10% How much is required to reduce the distance by 10% Are the two distortion energies about the same magnitude If not, explain why not. 

What is the optimum practical shape for a dwelling, to minimise the heat losses through the building fabric ... 

If X is a true predictor of Y, what is the optimum mathematical relationship to describe a measurement device response with respect to the reference data such information defines the optimum mathematical tools to use for comparison)... 

A slurry containing 100 kg of whiting/m3 of water, is filtered in a plate and frame press, which takes 900 s to dismantle, clean and re-assemble. If the filter cake is incompressible and has a voidage of 0.4, what is the optimum thickness of cake for a filtration pressure of 1000 kN/m2 The density of the whiting is 3000 kg/m3. If the cake is washed at 500 kN/m2 and the total volume of wash water employed is 25 per cent of that of the filtrate, how is the optimum thickness of cake affected The resistance of the filter medium may be neglected and the viscosity of water is 1 mN s/m2. In an experiment, a pressure of 165 kN/m2 produced a flow of water of 0.02 cm3/s though a centimetre cube of filter cake. 

If the operating cost during filtration is 10/ks and the cost of a shutdown is 100, what is the optimum filtration time for minimum cost ... 

A process has an openloop transfer function that is approximately a pure deadtime of D minutes. A proportional-derivative controller is to be used with a value of a equal to 0.1. What is the optimum value of the derivative lime constant Note that part of this problem involves defining what you mean by optimum. 

Equation (108) implies that the difference between functions zp and zr must be a constant over aU p values. The question we would like to answer is the following. Given a finite number of forward and reverse pulls, what is the optimum choice forg (lT) that gives the best estimate of Eq. (108) for AF For a finite number of experiments Nf,Nr along the forward and reverse process we can write... 

Radford, S.J., Dickinson, E. (2004). Depletion flocculation of caseinate-stabilized emulsions what is the optimum size of the non-adsorbed protein nano-particles Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 238, 71-81. ... 

Kong DF. Aspirin in cardiovascular disorders. What is the optimum dose Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2004 4 151-158. 

EXAMPLE 27-4 A shipment of oil consists of equal numbers of 1-1 and 5-1 containers. A previous study has led to the expectation that the sulfur content of the 1-1 containers is 10 ppm with a standard deviation of 2 ppm, and that of the 5-1 containers is 15 ppm with a standard deviation of 3 ppm. If the analytical error is negligible, what is the optimum sampling scheme for a total of 24 samples to give an unbiased estimate of the sulfur content of the shipment, with minimum sampling error ... 

Is the density/porosity convenient for the final use What is the optimum processing temperature Is the material homogeneous What are the differences between the skin and the bulk Where are the second phases located ... 

What is the optimum practical shape for an above-ground dwelling, to minimize the heat losses through the building fabric When is (or was) this optimum shape used Why is this optimum shape seldom used in richer societies ... 

What is the optimum design strategy of toxicity tests for the use of the regression method ... 

Still there is a lot to be done. While the security of single-photon methods is already quite well defined, the security of cryptography with correlated pairs is much less understood. It would also be useful to perform a rigorous analysis of what is the optimum protocol. QKD itself is now well elaborated, but its further propagation to other areas of cryptography (or discovery of another quantum primitive) still stands ahead. 

The previous chapter described procedures for the optimum collection of an FID, and how these were dictated by the relaxation behaviour of the nuclei and by the digital resolution required in the resulting spectrum, which in turn defines the data acquisition time. When setting up an experiment, one also need consider what is the optimum pulse excitation angle to use and how rapidly pulses can be applied to the sample for signal averaging (Fig. 4.1). These parameters also depend on the spin relaxation times. There are two extreme... 

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