What is a word

The idea behind our use of underlying words is to try to define some notion of word that captures the essential essence of the linguistic unit of word, but is free from distinctions that are not directly linked to word identity itself Hence while the capitalisation difference between Captain and captain may provide some useful information, in essence, these are written variants of the same word. We use the concept of word to reflect this, and so we state that the CAPTAIN is the imderlying word of Captain and captain. 

We finish this section with a note on the definitions and terminology we will use for the remainder of the book. The term word will always be used for the unambiguous, underlying identity of a word, and never used to indicate its written or spoken form. Words will always be marked in a small caps font. The terms writing, orthography and text are used more 

In the model of text analysis used in this book, we always maintain a clear distinction between a word and its written form. The basic idea is that each word is a unique linguistic entity, which can be expressed in either speech or writing. To do so, it must be expressed as a form, so we talk of the spoken and written form of a word. People rarely confuse a word with its pronunciation, but often the identity of a word and its written form are 

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What is a representative sample Do not use the words represent or representative in your answer. 

In the context of generic medicines it is appropriate to ask what is a pharmacopoeia (word is derived from Greek pharmako-poios drug-maker ) and how it fits in nowadays regulatory systems The answer to this question may seem obvious, but the term pharmacopoeia is used in a varied way... 

What is a hierarchical -box model How can you define it in words, and how mathematically ... 

If the vocabulary in a sentence is a problem, look at the words around it. Usually, you can figure out what function a word is serving in the sentence. Ask yourself whether it s an action word. If so, it s a verb. Is it describing something Then it s an adjective or adverb. Is it the subject—the person, place,... 

What is a poison It must be understood that the rigid definitions of "exact" science cannot be properly applied to healing as an art, or to health and disease as a philosophy. Indeed, a "scientifically" satisfactory explanation of a poison has not yet been formulated, nor is it likely to be, for this same reason that the word "poison" itself implies association with a living organism. In practice, the terse judicial dictum, "a poison is defined as that which, when administered, is injurious to health or life" serves as a useful working statement, especially if we insert after "administered" the words "in conveniently taken quantities."... 

As mentioned earlier, density functional theory (DFT) does not yield the wave-function directly. Instead it first determines the probability density p and calculates the energy of the system in terms of p. Why is it called density functional theory and what is a functional anyway We can define functional by means of an example. The variational integral E(trial wavefunction ip and it yields a number (with energy unit) for a given electron density p, which itself is a function of electronic coordinates. 

Associating the word science with pharmacology implies a systematic investigation of observable phenomena that can be quantified and controlled—a state that reflects much of modern pharmacology. However, as we shall see, this has not always been the case. As mentioned earlier, pharmacology involves the study of drugs. However, what is a drug ... 

An attempt to make this application prompted the appearance of The Thermodynamics of Soil Solutions (Oxford University Press, 1981). Besides its evident purpose, to demonstrate the use of chemical thermodynamics, this book carried a leitmotif on the fundamental limitations of chemical thermodynamics for describing natural soils. These limitations referred especially to the influence of kinetics on stability, to the accuracy of thermodynamic data, and to the impossibility of deducing molecular mechanisms. The problem of mechanisms vis-a-vis thermodynamics cannot be expressed better than in the words of M. L. McGlashan 2 what can we learn from thermodynamic equations about the microscopic or molecular explanation of macroscopic changes Nothing whatever. What is a thermodynamic theory (The phrase is used in the titles of many papers published in reputable chemical journals.) There is no such thing. What then is the use of thermodynamic equations to the chemist They are indeed useful, but only by virtue of their use for the calculation of some desired quantity which has not been measured, or which is difficult to measure, from others which have been measured, or which are easier to measure. This point cannot be stated often enough. 

Toxicology is the science of poisons but what is a poison The word poison conjures up many different ideas in people s minds and is often associated with the word chemical . Consulting various dictionaries, I found several definitions which were basically similar A substance that when introduced into or absorbed by Hving organisms causes death or injury—especially one that kills by rapid action even in small quantities . Another definition had an additional concept Any substance which taken into or formed in the body which destroys life or impairs health . Both definitions tell us that a poison is a substance that is hazardous to life, possibly lethaUy so. The first indicates that a poison is also likely to be potent and the second that it might be naturally produced. 

Dimension" is a word so overused that often we don t consider it carefully enough. What exactly does it mean Since an understanding of the concept is crucial to our comprehension of altered states of consciousness, let s facilitate this discussion with another definition ... 

What makes the thiated nucleobases so markedly different from the normal ones Put in the other words, what is a key effect of the thio substitution which, in turn, causes a variety of bizarre effects in the interaction of thiouracils with water, in proton migration, recognition patterns, biological and pharmacological activities, etc., etc. There are actually two key effects underlying the thio substitution and certainly inter-related. One is that such substitution dramatically changes the structural features of nucleic acids whereas the other is due to the drastic change of their functional ones expressed in terms of intermolecular interactions. 

What is a disease What is not a disease Although most people think they know the answer, few have a clear idea of what is and what is not a disease. This is hardly surprising. The word disease —and its synonyms, ailment, illness, malady, sickness —is used in diverse ways and has a multiplicity of meanings. In the end, people decide what is and what is not a disease by what best suits their needs or on the basis of the hoary rule, I know one when I see... 

In other words, what is a main effect in logistic regression terms becomes an interaction in log-linear model terms. However, it is really the log-linear model that is the odd one out among generalized linear models as regards use of interactions and, in more conventional terms, Simpson s paradox does not involve interactions. 

What is the word that elevated-temperature materials may have on a placard on a vehicle ... 

But what does sustainable mean for the apparel retail industry Sustainability is a word that elicits a multitude of definitions and explanations depending on your point of view and even your geographic location. The broad range of definitions for sustainability is a reflection of the fact that sustainability is incredibly complex, where interdependencies can often be hidden or misunderstood, and where just measuring sustainability can be difficult and confusing, particularly when considering ethical and social issues. 

More sophisticated number communication systems (as opposed to numbers themselves) are a cultural invention, such that in Western society, we think of numbers quite differently, and have developed a complex system for talking and describing them. Most scientifically and mathematically minded people believe that numbers and mathematics exist beyond our experience and that advancing mathematics is a process of discovery rather than invention. In other words, if we met an alien civilisation, we would find that they had calculus too, and it would work in exactly Ihe same way as ours. What is a cultural invention is our system of niunerical and mathematical notation. This is to some extent arbitrary while we can all easily imderstand the mathematics of classical Greece, this is usually only after their notational systems have been translated into Ihe modem system Pythagoras certainly never wrote + = z. Today, we have a single commonly... 

In all modem TTS systems we make extensive use of a lexicon. The issue of lexicons is in fact quite complicated, and we discuss this in full in Chapter 8 when we start to talk about pronunciation in detail. For our current purpose, its main use is that it lists the words that are known to the system, and that it defines their written form. A word may have more than one written form (labour and labor) and two words may share the same written form polish etc. It is by using a lexicon as a place to define what is a possible word and what its written forms may be, that we can use the decoding model we are adopting in this book. 

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