Wetting amphoterics

Anionic starches are obtained by reaction with phosphoric acid and alkali metal phosphates or by derivatization with carboxymethyl groups.30,31 This modification is primarily used to introduce amphoteric properties into cationic com starch for application on the wet end of the paper machine. Anionic starches with carboxymethyl substitution are used as thickeners in coating colors or as binders in coatings for specialty paper grades. Oxidized starches are inherently anionic but without thickening action. Potato starch already carries sufficient natural anionic charge to provide amphoteric properties after cationization.32... 

Pickling and plating bath Phosphate esters Fatty acid sulphonates Alkanolamides Complex amphoterics Wetting agents... 

Amphoteric surfactants offer an excellent degree of lubrication, corrosion inhibitor, and wetting action and provide a protective colloid for silk and wool processing. The major uses of amphoterics are in the scouring and dyeing of protein fibres to prevent chafing, crack marks and crow s feet. Amphoterics are comparatively expensive and some of them are not heat stable and hence cannot be used at elevated temperature. 

The change in charge with pH of amphoteric surfactants affects their properties, such as wetting, detergency, and foaming. Atthe i.e.p., the properties of amphoterics resemble those of nonionics very closely, but below and above the i.e.p. the properties shift towards those of cationic and anionic surfactants, respectively. Zwitterionic surfactants have excellent dermatological properties, and also exhibit low eye irritation consequently, they are frequently used in shampoos and other personal care products (e.g., cosmetics). 

Quaternized polymers have been found to improve wet combing and reduce static charge. In general, they can be formulated with anionic surfactants greater deposition occurs with a mixture of amphoteric and nonionic surfactants. Two of the most important examples are Polyquaternium-10, a quaternized hydroxyethylcel-lulose polymer, and Polyquaternium-7, a copolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride and acrylamide. These are the two most frequently used polymeric conditioning agents in commercial shampoos [46,47],... 

U.S.6489286 (2002) Lukenbach et al. (Johnson Johnson) Nonionic/amphoteric/anionic surfactants at least two conditioning agents selected from cationic celluloses, sugar derivatives, and homopolymers or copolymers Nonirritating, suitable for children and adults having sensitive skin and eyes imparts wet and dry detangling, and manageability... 

Ampholak. [Beiol Nobel] Amphoteric surfactants foam booster, vise, modifier, thickener, wetting s ent for industrial and hous ld cleaners, toiletries. 

Amphotensid. [Zschittuner Schwarz] Amphoterics detergent wetting agent for personal care prods., liq. cleaners. 

Amphoterge . [Lonza] Amphoteric surfactants wetting agent and detergent for shampoos, cleansers, dishwashing textile softener. 

Amphoteric. [Exxon/Tomah] Amphoterics detergent foam boostm/stabi-lizet wetting agent coupler for liq. detergents defoamer for paints corrosion inhibits in metalworking lubricants leather lubricant... 

Deriphat . [Henkel/Emery/Cospha Henkel Cana Henkel KGaA] Pn i-onic acids or salts, betaines amphoteric surfactant, wetting agent, ermtlsi-fier, detergent, corrosion inhibitor, solubilizer, stabilizer for hard surface cleaning, textiles, emulsion polymerization, petroleum processing. 

Miranol . [Rhone-Poulenc Surf. Rhone-Poulenc France] Amphoteric surfactant blends det ent wetting ag it emulsifier, solubilizer, stabilizer for shampoos, pharmaceuticds, household... 

Figure 20 contains adsorption levels measured in the water-wet and mixed-wet sandstones in the absence and in the presence of residual oil. Similar trends are observed for the anionic and the amphoteric surfactant. Adsorption levels in the water-wet cores are essentially the same in the absence of oil and in the presence of any of the three oils. In a water-wet system, the solid surfaces are surrounded by water films. As long as water-wet conditions prevail, the aqueous surfactant solution is in contact... 

Ampho. [Karbhamns] Amphoteric surfactants detergent, wetting and foaming agenb, solubilizer. 

Lonzaine . [Lonza] Betaines or sultaines amphoteric surfactant conditioner, foamer, wetting t ent for personal care prods., industrial applies. 

Cationic starch is the major wet-end starch. The phenomena involved in starch adsorption and the selection of cationic starch need careful consideration, as do the proper preparation and application of starch. The criteria for the use of native, anionic and amphoteric starches are also considered. 

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