Wet and dry methods

Both wet and dry methods of magnetic particle inspection shall be in accordance with ASTM E709. 

Metal phosphates can be prepared by wet and dry methods. The homogeneous precipitation in aqueous systems is often employed to obtain uniformly sized and well-crystallized particles. The solid reactions can be used for preparation of some metal phosphates however, the particles with controlled morphology are difficult to synthesize. Moreover, the solid reaction consumes more energy than the reaction in aqueous system, except the hydrothermal reaction at elevated temperature. Recently the preparation from aqueous solution at low temperature received attention in view of saving energy and as an application for a wide variety of substances. Therefore the preparation of metal phosphate particles by the precipitation method is described next. Although phosphates include ortho-, pyro-, and polyphosphates, only orthophosphates are dealt with here. 

CaHAP particles can be prepared by various wet and dry methods. The particles with desired morphology can be obtained by selecting a suitable method. Because... 

Figure 4.26. Schematic of photolithography and the chemical ( wet ) and dry" methods used to etch patterns in an oxidized Si wafer.

Formation of acyl azides from acyl chlorides is also a classical procedure - for the Curtius reaction. Sodium azide is used for the azidation under aqueous and anhydrous conditions, called the wet and dry methods respectively (equations 27 and 28 ). 

Current laboratory techniques utilized in the production of metal nanoparticles are often divided into wet and dry methods. Wet methods usually involve the chemical oxidation of salts via hazardous substances such as sodium borohydride, hydroxyl-amine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone [3-5]. Dry methods include ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, aerosol technology, and lithography [6,7]. 

W. Tilting, K. Wegemann, and P. Mischnick, Enzymatic degradation and elecho-spray tandem mass spectrometry as tools for deterniining flie structure of cationic starches prepared by wet and dry methods, Carbohydr. Res., 339 (2004) 637-648. 

Listed by Salter (1869), who states that it is obtainable by wet and dry methods as a yeUowish-red, or, when reduced to powder, an orange-yeUow, uranate of baryta. It is an expensive preparation, superfluous as a pigment ... 

Personal exposure to respirable dust at surface mines primarily results from overbinden drilling. Both wet and dry methods are available to suppress dust from this source. Haul road dust control is also... 

Chemical Analysis. Plasma oxidation and other reactions often are used to prepare samples for analysis by either wet or dry methods. Plasma excitation is commonly used with atomic emission or absorption spectroscopy for quaUtative and quantitative spectrochemical analysis (86—88). 

If the responsible specific corrodent cannot be entirely removed from the environment, it may be beneficial to reduce its concentration, since susceptibility to SCC is frequently concentration dependent. However, if this method of elimination is chosen, care must be taken to avoid conditions that will increase concentration locally, such as evaporation, localized boiling, alternate wet and dry conditions, crevices, and deposits. 

It has been shown that inclusion of fine mbber particles in asphalt reduces the cracking of pavement in adverse weather conditions [60,61]. There are two methods for introducing ground waste mbber into asphalt, namely, wet and dry processes. Wet process is carried out at 170°C-220°C for 45-120 min. Rubber particles absorb components with similar value of solubility parameter (5) from the asphalt, causing them to swell. The interaction between mbber and asphalt is mainly of physical nature. In the dry process, mbber is used as a replacement for part of the aggregate and is added to the mineral material before the latter is mixed with the asphalt binder. Addition of mbber greatly improves the elasticity of the binder and generally lowers its brittle point. Incorporation of GRT... 

Recently, two novel procedures have been described for the isolation of PHA granules based on air classification [81] or centrifugal fractionation [82] (Fig. 8). These two processes are related to the well established wet and dry milling methods used in the corn industry for the fractionation of corn seeds into endosperm, germ, and hull and for the isolation of starch grains [83]. 

Carbon in soil and plant materials can be determined by wet- and dry-combustion methods [7, 8]. In both instances, soil and plant carbon is converted into carbon dioxide, absorbed in alkali and determined either by titration against a standard acid or by weighing. These methods involve large apparatus, are expensive and time consuming, and therefore cannot be adapted to the routine analysis of a large number of samples. 

Various techniques have been used for the determination of organic (and total) carbon in sediments. These include both wet and dry combustion methods which depend on the quantitative conversion of the organic (or total) carbon to carbon dioxide [30-32], In addition, an approximate assay technique reported by Bremner and Jenkinson has been used [36]. 

Knife test (KNF) The test is done by making two intersecting scratches through the paint film to the substrate with a sharp steel knife. Adhesive or cohesive failures are evaluated by peeling the coating from the intersection point and outwards. Common for the three adhesion evaluation methods are that the test is performed on immersed and non- immersed panel-half (referred to as respectively "wet" and "dry" adhesion). The type of rupture is reported, and the severity is judged on a scale from 5 (perfect) to 0 (poor). 

The wet assay technique to measure dust in cotton was a modification of the method described by Thibodeaux (11). A 400-mg tuft of cotton, randomly selected from a bulk sample, was subjected to multiple ultrasonic washings in methanol. Clean methanol (200 ml) was used for each of three 5-min washings. The combined methanol washings were filtered through a 17 ym sizing screen (the screen was identical for both wet and dry assay procedures) and collected on a 0.5 ym filter. Increase in filter weight provided the measure of dust content (%) in cotton by wet assay. 

---