Western transfer

This procedure is similar in principle to Southern and Northern blots, but it is designed for the transfer of proteins from gels onto nitrocellulose membranes. An electrophoretic technique is often used to speed the transfer by 10-fold, and the apparatus used for such Western transfers is shown in Figure 9.15. The rapid electrophoretic process ensures that complete transfer occurs with minimal diffusional zone broadening. 

Figure 9.15. Apparatus for western transfer of proteins to nitrocellulose.

According to paleoreconstmctions [8, 9], during the Eemian the air temperature in the Aral Sea area was 2°C higher than at present, while the annual sum of precipitation exceeded the modem values by 100 mm, i.e., more than twofold. It is assumed that the increase in precipitation occurred mainly in winter due to intensification of the western transfer and cyclonic activity. 

This three-volume history of the events which transferred world power to Western Europe - and founded Modern History - has been universally acclaimed as a masterpiece. 

The appHcation that has led to increased interest in carbon dioxide pipeline transport is enhanced oil recovery (see Petroleum). Carbon dioxide flooding is used to Hberate oil remaining in nearly depleted petroleum formations and transfer it to the gathering system. An early carbon dioxide pipeline carried by-product CO2 96 km from a chemical plant in Louisiana to a field in Arkansas, and two other pipelines have shipped CO2 from Colorado to western Texas since the 1980s. EeasibiHty depends on cmde oil prices. 

Programs were instituted to preserve coal production in Western Europe and Japan. Every involved country (Britain, Germany, France, Spain, Belgium, and Japan) transferred taxpayers money to the coal industry. The programs started in the period between the end of World War II and the resurgence of the oil supply in the late 1950s. 

Figure 10-50B. Heat transfer film coefficient for water flowing inside 1 in. X 18BWG tubes referred to outside tube surface area for plain tubes. Note the corrections for tubes of wall gauges other than 18 BWG. (Used by permission J. B. Co., Inc., Western Supply Div., Tulsa, Okla.)...

The conveyor belt is shown schematically in Fig. 10-11. Warm and salty surface currents in the western North Atlantic (e.g., the Gulf Stream) transport heat to the Norwegian-Greenland Seas where it is transferred to the atmosphere. This heat helps moderate the climate of northern Europe. The cooling increases the density resulting in formation of the now cold and salty North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) (Worthington, 1970). The NADW travels south through the North and South Atlantic and then joins the Circumpolar Current that travels virtually unimpeded in a clockwise direction around the Antarctic Continent. 

Western blotting A means of transferring protein bands from an electrophoresis gel onto a fixing medium for further analysis. 

Western blot A method for transferring protein to a nitrocellulose filter, on which the protein can be detected by a suitable probe (eg, an antibody). 

WN. Burnette (1981) "Western Blotting" Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from Sodium Dodecyl Polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic... 

Specificity of the antisera was assessed by Western blotting. Electrophoretically separated proteins from culture filtrates were transferred to 0.45 fim nitrocellulose membranes. After transfer of proteins, membranes were... 

There exists a wide variety in the setup of ELISA assays (direct binding or competition setups) and the enzymatic reaction utilized [148]. A similar principle to enhance sensitivity by enzymatic coupling is realized after gel electrophoretic separation of proteins. Here proteins are transferred to nitrocellulose ( western blot ) and detected by antibody-coupled enzymes. 

Only these two species of hawk moth appear to meet the dual requirements of long proboscis and properly spaced eyes and, as far as is known, only these two species pollinate the western-prairie fringed orchid. Other insects either ignore the plant as unrewarding or else fail as pollinators. The closely related eastern-prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) makes similarly specific demands on its pollinators, but in this case the flower transfers its pollen to the moth s proboscis. 

Proteins bound to the surfaces of synthetic membranes retain their antigenicity and are accessible to antibody probes. The most common membrane-based immunoassay technique is called immunoblotting or, more popularly, Western blotting. In Western blotting, proteins are transferred from an electrophoresis gel to a... 

Western blotting consists of the following steps (Figure 8.11) (1) Proteins are electrophoretically transferred from a gel to a membrane surface. The transferred proteins bind to the surface of the membrane and are immobilized in a... 

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