West Texas Area

Harvesting by means of strippers is practiced mainly in West Texas and the adjoining areas of Oklahoma and New Mexico. This method has also gained great Importance in the Coastal Bend area of Texas. Because a stripper harvester (whether a finger stripper or a brush stripper) removes almost all vegetative material from the plant (except for the central stem and major branches), about 1100 kg of harvested material are brought to the gin to yield one 218-kg bale of lint. The lint therefore is approximately one-third of the harvested material in spindle-picked cotton and can be as little as one-fifth in stripper-harvested cotton. 

Cottonseed and seed hulls were obtained from two oil mills in West Texas and from one oil mill in California. Cottonseed samples were taken from the seedhouse, cleaning room and from the first, second and third-cut dellnter machines. Seed hulls and llnters were obtained from the hulling and baling areas respectively, of the same oil mills. 

Lens-Type Traps. These form in limestone and sand. In this type of trap the reservoir is sealed in its upper regions by abrupt changes in the amount of connected pore space within a formation. A trap formed in sand is shown in Fig, 7(a). An example is the Burbank Field in Osage County, Oklahoma. This type of trap may occur in sandstones where irregular deposition of sand and shale occurred at the time the formation was laid down. In these cases, oil is confined within the porous parts of the rock hy the nonporous parts of rock surrounding it. A lens-type trap formed in limestone is shown in Fig. 7(b). In limestone formations there are frequent areas of high porosity with a tendency to form traps. Examples of limestone reservoirs of this type are found in the limestone fields of West Texas. 

All the crudes with more than 0.5% nitrogen were found in California those containing 0.2 to 0.5% nitrogen were largely in California and Wyoming, with a few in the West Texas and Mid-Continent areas. 

Shallow probes have been used successfully at Lost River in Hardy County, West Virginia, Patrick Draw in Sweetwater County, Wyoming (Matthews et al., 1984 Richers et al., 1982), Arrowhead Hot Springs in San Bernardino County, California (Burtell, 1988) and on a large number of surveys conducted throughout the industry. Limited tests by Williams (1985) in the west Texas Permian Basin suggest that shallow probes are difficult to use in this area because of impermeable deposits of caliche and thick salt and anhydrite beds at a depth of about 300 m. An example of a halo-type anomaly reported by Williams (1985) is included in his thesis. 

One of the key factors for feasibility of a CO2 flooding project is the availability of large amounts of CO2. The 45 projects discussed here are located near large natural deposits of CO2 gas. The main area of activity has been the Permian Basin area of the West Texas and New Mexico. The main sources of CO2 supply for these projects have been McElmo Dome, Sheep Moimtain, and Bravo Dome, which contain between 20 and 40 TCF of... 

Minor differences in the HPAC computations are found between experiments using the 3-km mesh and 9-km mesh MM5 data. This is likely due to the relatively smooth terrain of West Texas, such that its effects on the surface flow of the two scales are not very distinguishable. It appears that a 10-km grid mesh weather model would be adequate for an operational warning system over rural areas of relatively consistent terrain. However, this would probably not be the case in a rough urban setting, in which detailed urban terrain with substantial variations within a distance of 10 km must be considered. 

Playas are ronnd depressional areas on the landscape fed by fresh water from rainfall. These wetlands occnr in sonthem high plains, including areas in West Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas. Some of these wetlands accumulate salts as water from underlying aquifers supplying salt percolates upward through the soil profile. These wetlands are formed seasonally and may stay flooded during the wet season and dry out during the remainder of the year. 

In some cases, the probability of someone being present is higher than would normally be anticipated because those people are there to work on what appears to be a relatively minor problem. For example, at a chemical facility in Texas, a tank exploded killing 17 workers. The area in which the explosion occurred was normally deserted but the workers were there to correct the conditions that led to the explosion. On another occasion, a refinery in west Texas experienced a major explosion and fire. Many major equipment items were destroyed, and the smoke from the fire was so great that an adjacent freeway had to be closed down. If a risk management team had modeled the event ahead of time they would surely have postulated multiple fatalities and serious injuries. In fact, no one was hurt. 

There is no scientific evidence that fluoridation of water has been harmful to anybody at any age, but the effects of fluoride intakes from several sources may be cause for concern. The largest high fluorine area in the United States is the West Texas Panhandle. Also, the soils in some volcanic areas of the world contain large amounts of fluoride, with the result that foods grown in such areas may contain 2 to 3 times more fluoride than foods grown elsewhere. 

Soil erosion can occur by the action of both water and wind, although water is the primary source of erosion. Millions of tons of topsoil are carried by the Mississippi River and swept fi om its mouth each year. About one-third of U.S. topsoil has been lost since cultivation began on the eontinent. At the present time, approximately one-third of U.S. eultivated land is eroding at a rate sufficient to reduce soil productivity. It is estimated that 48 million acres of land, somewhat more than 10 percent of that under cultivation, is eroding at unacceptable levels, taken to mean a loss of more than 14 tons of topsoil per aere each year. Specific areas in which the greatest erosion is occurring include northern Missouri, southern Iowa, west Texas, western Tennessee, and the Mississippi Basin. Figure 18.6 shows the pattern of soil erosion in the continental U.S. in 1977. 

The West Panhandle Gas Field is in the panhandle of Texas. Atmospheric pressure in the area averages about 13.2 psia. What are the standard conditions used to calculate gas quantities... 

Our study was based on samples from 11 (Figure 1) 1000-foot core holes drilled in the Gulf of Mexico by four oil companies Humble, Chevron, Gulf, and Mobil. All cores are from the present continental slope within three morphological areas the Upper Continental Slope off Texas and Louisiana, the Upper Continental Slope off west Florida, and the upper reaches of the Mississippi Cone—a mass of sediment derived from drainage of the Mississippi River which has locally buried the continental-slope morphology. 

Historically, Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and New Mexico have been large producers of natural gas, as well as some significant fields in the West Virginia-Ohio-Pennsylvania area. New developments in Alaska are and will continue to influence the gas transportation and distribution pattern. 

Concentrations of pollutants remain rather low until we reach the Mississippi River, as there are few strong sources to the southwest until Texas. The rise of concentrations is so fast that predicted levels of sulfate and Se are only about 30-40% low at the west site. However, the predicted concentrations rise so high as we move up the Valley that they greatly exceed the nearly constant observed concentrations. The S/Se ratio rises to about 3500 as we move away from SO2 sources in Texas, because the SO2 is mostly converted to sulfate. This is about the expected value for an area downwind from, but outside of areas of high SO2 emissions (4). As expected, the ratio drops sharply when we encounter heavy emissions of SO2 just upwind of the west station. There are large emissions of Se, but the new sulfur is still mostly in the gas phase. Perhaps fortuitously, the predicted S/Se ratios at the three sites are in fairly good agreement with the experimental data. 

Several of the main tributaries to the Red River (Prairie Dog Town Fork of Red River, Pease River, and their tributaries) cross outcrops of the Blaine Formation and associated strata in the southeast corner of the Texas Panhandle (Fig. 2). This area, in the eastern part of the Palo Duro Basin, embraces much of Childress, Cottle, Hall and Motley counties, Texas (Fig. 6). Salt is present at depths greater than 150—250 m below the surface (Fig. 7) in the Flowerpot, Blaine and Dog Creek formations (these three units are sometimes called the Blaine of Texas in outcrops, and they are considered part of the San Andres Formation farther west in the deep subsurface of the Palo Duro Basin). Natural dissolution of these salts in the subsurface here and farther to the west produces low- to high-salinity brines that emerge in five separate areas characterized as salt plains, seeps, or springs. These five... 

---