Welfare definition

Zollitsch W. and Baumung R. (2004). Protein supply for organic poultry options and shortcomings , in Hovi M. Sundrum A. and Padel S. Diversity of Livestock Systems and Definition of Animal Welfare, Proceeding of the 2nd SAFO Workshop 25-27 March 2004, Witzenhausen, Germany. University of Reading. 

Again, from the preceding points of view, it can be seen that defining terrorism or the terrorist is not straightforward and never easy. Even the standard dictionary definition leaves us with the vagaries and ambiguities of other words typically associated with terrorism, such as in the definitions of unlawful and public welfare (Sauter and Carafano 2005). 

To ensure that the rights and welfare of human research participants are protected, the IRB takes on the task of performing a risk vs. benefit analysis. Before a clinical trial can be initiated, foreseeable risks and inconveniences should be weighed against the anticipated benefit for the trial participant and for society (Section 22.2). Risks associated with participation in research should be justified by the anticipated benefits only then, can the trial be initiated. Because this requirement is clearly stated in the federal regulations, it is, therefore, one of the major responsibilities of fhe IRB to assess fhe risks and benefits associated with proposed research. Definitions of fhe terms fhaf fhe IRB uses to assess risk include the following ... 

Strahle U, Schloz S, Geisler R, Greiner P, Hollert H, Rastegar S et al (2011) Zebrafish embryos as an alternative to animal experiments - a commentary on the definition of the onset of protected life stages in animal welfare regulations. Reprod Toxicol. doi 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.06.121... 

European situation. An overview of the complete situation in the EU-countries is still lacking (Andersson 1998). A comprehensive approach suggested to assess animal welfare is the elaboration of an animal welfare index, which would be made up of several different components (Bartussek 1988 Sundrum et al. 1994). Such an index could be defined in national and international standards and accelerate the development of standards and control measures for a common definition for organic animal husbandry. 

While it could be argued that research in the indicator category climate and air might be of minor importance, this is definitely not tme for animal welfare and health or for the quality of organic food. 

Even if we turn to science for advice, it will not be possible to give an indisputable answer to the question. Of course it is necessary to get all possible information and knowledge regarding how certain conditions affect the animal s quality of life. However, animal welfare is not only a matter of facts. It is also a question of what is considered important in life (Tannenbaum 1991). Researchers and philosophers have for several decades attempted to establish one definition of animal welfare, but today there is a common understanding that animal welfare is not only about facts, but also about values. Consequently, the interplay between facts and values, or between science and ethics, makes a single definition impossible. 

The scientific-philosophical debate regarding what animal welfare really is has resulted in three (partly overlapping) categories of definitions (Duncan and Fraser 1997) ... 

Lockeretz, W. and Boehncke, E. 2000. Agricultural systems research. In Hovi, M. and Garcia Trujillo, R. (eds) Diversity of Livestock Systems and Definition of Animal Welfare. Proceedings of the 2nd NAHWOA Workshop. Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Research Unit, Reading, pp. 5-12. 

The legal definition of air pollution is the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of any one or more substances in quantities, which may or are harmful/injurious to human health or welfare, animal or plant life, or property, or interfere with the enjoyment of life, property or outdoor activity. ... 

Both narrow and wider concepts of activation are used in the academic and the policy-oriented debate. Narrow definitions point at the activation of particular target groups or benefit schemes whereas wider definitions point at modifications to the overall welfare state environment, which also implies larger target groups. 

The same study analysed the costs and benefits of employment services for different target groups. It was estimated that the total benefits of these services for unemployed, disabled and welfare recipients including employed on sick leave are estimated to 1.8 billion a year. The benefits per trajectory were multiplied by the total amount of trajectories on a yearly basis. According to the study, the societal benefit amounted to EUR 1.1 billion or 164% of the costs (see Table 17). The calculation is very much influenced by the definition of cost and benefit elements. 

The legislative history of the original CPSA confirms the Congressional desire to balance a proposed standard s benefits to consumer safety against its drawbacks in other areas of consumer welfare. S. 3419, the Senate version of the Act, included an express definition of unreasonable risk of injury ... 

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