Weathering solar radiation

The outdoor part of the enclosure has to perform more onerous duties as it has to withstand weather conditions and also absorb solar radiation. It has also to dissipate the heat of the conductor in addition to its own. It is therefore possible that the surface area of enclosure so chosen may have to be increased, and this will be revealed during thermal calculations which are carried out to check its suitability. 

In thermal building-dynamics simulation codes, outdoor conditions are mostly input by the so-called weather data file, containing (usually hourly) data for air temperature, wind speed and direction, air humidity, and global and diffuse solar radiation on horizontal surfaces. 

Land/atmospheric interfacial processes which impact climate and biological activity on earth are illustrated in Figure 3. Emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen dioxide, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been linked to the transmission of solar radiation to the surface of the earth as well as to the transmission of terrestrial radiation to space. Should solar radiation be an internal process or an external driver of the hydrologic cycle, weather, and air surface temperatures Compounds of sulfur and nitrogen are associated with acidic precipitation and damage to vegetation, aquatic life, and physical structures. 

Weather station/ weather data requirements A On-site weather station is preferred and may be mandatory for certain studies. Minimally, a station must be located within 10 km of test site In certain cases, a weather station located within 10 km of the test site may be sufficient. If water balances are to be determined, an on-site weather station is necessary to measure, at a minimum, precipitation, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, and air temperature... 

If basic calculations such as those presented are to be conducted, it is important to collect enough weather parameters to calculate reference evapotranspiration ETf). An on-site weather station should be considered a basic requirement minimum sensor requirements to calculate a Penman equation would include solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity or actual vapor pressure, and air temperature. An on-site rain gauge is essential but it is also a good idea to have a rain gauge on the weather station even if it is not directly on-site. The most accurate variations of the Penman equation calculate Tq on an hourly basis. However, Penman routines using daily summaries are typically satisfactory for the purpose of calculating soil-water recharge. 

Weather Air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, solar radiation, air velocity and wind direction were measured by a weather station at the snow storage pump house. The summers of 2000-2004 were warmer and rainier than mean summer of 1961-1990. In 2002 the summer mean temperature was 4.1°C warmer than the average year. In 2001 and 2002... 

Applications. Ultraviolet detectors are ideally suited for applications where rapidly developing fire can occur in a relatively open area. UV detectors can be used to monitor ammunition assembly lines, gunpowder troughs, or open areas that are stocked with hazardous materials. These detectors are not typically affected by extremes of temperature or pressure, adverse weather conditions, high humidity, nor are they sensitive to solar radiation. 

WeatherHawk 916 Wireless Weather Station providing measurements of air temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, relative humidity, wind direction, barometric pressure, and rainfall, storing up to 22 days of data and daily ETo (evapotranspiration) information. (Courtesy of WeatherHawk.)... 

All crop production, except protected cropping (for example, glasshouse, plastic covered), is vulnerable to the weather. Measures to combat frost and drought are common to most kinds of crop production wind protection (by shelter belts and so on) is practised for only a few crops (e.g. top fruit). In general, apart from choice of location, little can be done about solar radiation, rainfall or temperature. Problems with weeds, pests and diseases are also common to all crops but the remedies available to organic producers are much more limited than for conventional farmers. 

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