Waves wave period

Each country adopts such and such a class as a function of its climatic conditions. France has chosen classes B, E, and F, respectively for the summer, winter, and cold wave periods. The first is from 1 May to 31 October, the second is from 1 November to 30 April, while the third has... 

FIGURE 3-8 Square-wave wavefonn showing the amplitude, Esw step height, AE square-wave period, r delay time, Td and current measurement times, 1 and 2. (Reproduced with permission from reference 9.)... 

White [5], and, then, by many other researchers. They displayed that transverse shock waves existed behind the main shock front. The triple points resulting from fhe inferacfion of fhis complex system of shock waves periodically oscillafe perpendicularly to the direction of fhe leading fronf propagation. 

Droplet suspensions (gas-liquid, two-component system) Since the inertia of a liquid suspended in the gas phase is higher than the inertia of the gas, the time for the displacement of liquid under the pressure waves should be considered. Temkin (1966) proposed a model to account for the response of suspension with pressure and temperature changes by considering the suspensions to move with the pressure waves according to the Stokes s law. The oscillatory state equation is thereby approximated by a steady-state equation with the oscillatory terms neglected, which is valid if the ratio of the relaxation time to the wave period is small, or... 

DeLisa, M. P. Zhang, Z. Shiloach, M. Pilevar, S. Davis, C. C. Sirkis, J. S. Bentley, W. E., Evanescent wave long period fiber bragg grating as an immobilized antibody biosensor, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 2895 2900... 

A family of vacuum-tube MMW sources is based on the propagation of an electron beam through a so-called slow-wave or periodic structure. Radiation propagates on the slow-wave structure at the speed of the electron beam, allowing the beam and radiation field to interact. Devices in this category are the traveling-wave tube (TWT), the backward-wave oscillator (BWO) and the extended interaction oscillator (EIO) klystron. TWTs are characterized by wide bandwidths and intermediate power output. These devices operate well at frequencies up to 100 GHz. BWOs, so called because the radiation within the vacuum tube travels in a direction opposite to that of the electron beam, have very wide bandwidths and low output powers. These sources operate at frequencies up to 1.3 THz and are extensively used in THZ spectroscopic applications [10] [11] [12]. The EIO is a high-power, narrow band tube that has an output power of 1 kW at 95 GHz and about 100 W at 230 GHz. It is available in both oscillator and amplifier, CW and pulsed versions. This source has been extensively used in MMW radar applications with some success [13]. 

An alternative and more recent electroanalytical tool is square-wave voltammetry (which is probably now employed more often than normal or differential pulse voltammetry). In this technique, a potential waveform (see Figure 6.26) is applied to the working electrode. Pairs of current measurements are then made (depicted on the figure as t and f2) these measurements are made for each wave period ( cycle ), which is why they are drawn as times after to (when the cycle started). The current associated with the forward part of the pulse is called /forward, while the current associated with the reverse part is /reverse- A square-wave voltammogram is then just a graph of the difference between these two... 

M. Yamada, N. Nada, M. Saitoh, and K. Watanabe, First-order quasi-phase matched LiNbOs wave-guide periodically poled by applying an external-field for efficient blue second-harmonic generation. Applied Physics Letters 62(5), 435-436 (1993). 

Each square-wave half-period is divided into 25 time increments d = (50/) By introducing (1.19) and (1.20) into (1.8), the following system of recnrsive formnlae is obtained ... 

The equation y = asin(fex) describes a sine wave of period 360/b. If a = 1 and b = 10, evaluate y at = 0, 40, 80,. .., 320 and 360. Plot the individual results. What is the apparent period of the plotted data Do these discrete responses give an adequate representation of the true response from the system ... 

In these equations, Ej represents the electrode potential during the yth half period, 5 the fraction of the square-wave half period at which the current is measured, / is the square-wave frequency (equal to the inverse of the square-wave period), and the other symbols have their customary meaning. As long as the square-wave amplitude, Esw, is lower than 0.5RT jnF—a condition easily accomplished under the usual experimental conditions—the differential sum of the currents flowing during the anodic and cathodic half cycles can be represented by an expression such as [184]... 

Theoretically, the perturbation can be an arbitrary, more or less complex, function of time. However, only a limited number of functions have been shown to be of practical importance. These are known as step, pulse, double-step, double-pulse, periodic square wave and periodic sine wave. A survey of the most common techniques is found in Table 2. 

In-plane components (a22 and a33). The feature of conformation dependence of the g22 and g33 components is better understood by taking p-IONONE as an example. Here, the conformation-dependent shifts of C5 and C8 are examined. As can be seen from Figure 6, the isotropic shieldings of both carbons exhibit clear periodic dependence on the twist angle about the C6-C7 bond,cp6.7. For example, the a-cp6.7 curve of C5 appears to be approximated by a sine wave whose period is 180°. The curve for C8 shifts in phase by a half period relative to that for C5. These curves are expressed by using the Fourier series of expansion as follows ... 

In a third study, single unit recordings from the moth Heliothis virescens placed in a wind tunnel corroborated the previously described results by showing how well single neurons follow the fine-scale temporal characteristics of a natural odor plume (Vickers et al., 2001). Also in this study it was clear that the occurrence of a stimulus over time heavily influences the temporal structure of the response to a given stimulus. Both stimulus intensity and dynamics of the odor plume had an effect on the time course of the PN spike pattern. Furthermore, no wave-like periodicity in PN spiking could be observed and PN spike frequency did only rarely match the frequency range of local field potential oscillations that has been reported from moths (M. sexta Heinbockel et al., 1998). 

The Bloch theorem is one of the tools that helps us to mathematically deal with solids [5,6], The mathematical condition behind the Bloch theorem is the fact that the equations which governs the excitations of the crystalline structure such as lattice vibrations, electron states and spin waves are periodic. Then, to jsolve the Schrodinger equation for a crystalline solid where the potential is periodic, [V(r + R) = V(r), this theorem is applied [5,6],... 

The effect of waves on the seashores, including the delta coasts, depends on the energy of waves. Waves are capable of destroying the deltaic deposits in the periods of low sediment load and to slow down the progradation of deltas into the sea, as well as to transport sandy sediments along the delta coastlines and to form beaches and sand coastal bars. In some cases, separate deltaic lobes were completely destroyed after the water and sediment input to the deltas had ceased (the deltas of the Danube, Rioni rivers). 

The authors of [50] regarded the eddies as manifestations of Rossby waves modified by the bottom topography. The parameters of similar waves obtained from the data of altimeter observations (see Sect. 2.4), except for the period, are close to the model values. The annual wave period, which prevails in the observations, is absent in the model this is related to the forcing of the model BSGC by a constant mean annual wind field. 

A new wave function, periodic in x, with periodicity a is therefore defined by... 

Because of the oscillatory nature of the acoustic wave, probing of polymer viscoelastic properties using AW devices is analogous to the high rate/short time scale probing of polymers mentioned previously. The wave period, which is the inverse of the AW frequency, determines the time scale of the applied strain. Wave attenuation and velocity, or resonant amplitude and frequency, can be monitored at a relatively fixed frequency (rate) while scanning the temperature. 

An acoustic wave is a traveling periodic pressure disturbance. This wave travels at a speed c dependent on the properties of the medium and the type of motion associated with the wave. The periodic nature of the acoustic wave is (for present purposes) taken to be a sinusoidal oscillation occurring at a frequency f. At any location x and instant in time t, the pressure associated with this traveling wave can be expressed as a cosine wave, or in a mathematically equivalent form as the real part of a complex exponential ... 

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