Waveguide materials

Sapphire fibres have a slightly wider spectral range. The main argument for their application is their outstanding thermal stability, up to 2000 K. Also, their chemical stability is superior to most other waveguide materials. 

Occasionally, arrangements with a fibre as sensing element (Figure 7-c) are used, in particular for SERS measurements (the fibre is then coated with the SERS substrate). When using such a layout, it must be taken into account that also the Raman scattering caused by the waveguide material is recorded and must be filtered out. The same applies to arrangements where a window or any other optical element illuminated by the excitation radiation is in the field of view of the collection optics. 

Waveguide Material Bend Radius Waveguide size Interaction... 

Cannon discussed her experience entering the workforce as a new graduate in green chemistry. She is employed by Rohm and Haas s Electronic Materials Division and designs waveguide materials for optical electronic devices. Cannon also teaches the Introduction to Green Chemistry course at UMASS Lowell and an undergraduate and online course at UMASS Boston. 

Polyimides and epoxy resins have been investigated as optical waveguide materials because they have excellent thermal, chemical, and mechanical stabi-The first attempt to use polyimide for optical waveguides was made by... 

Stability for use in optical interconnects. In the near future, optoelectronic integrated circuits and optoelectronic multichip modules will be produced. Materials with high thermal stability will thus become very important in providing compatibility with conventional 1C fabrication processes and in ensuring device reliability. Polyimides have excellent thermal stability so they are often used as electronic materials. Furuya et al. introduced polyimide as an optical interconnect material for the first time. Reuter et al. have applied polyimides to optical interconnects and have evaluated the fluorinated polyimides prepared from 6FDA and three diamines, ODA (3), 2,2-bis(3-aminophenyl) hexafluoropropane (3,3 -6F) (4), and 4,4 -6F (2), as optical waveguide materials. 

The optical loss of polyimides depends on their preparation conditions. Reuter et al. have reported the optical loss of commercial fluorinated polyimides in waveguide materials containing two-C(CF3)2- groups, 6FDA/3,3 -6F or 6FDA/4,4 -6F, and estimated the optical loss to be below 0.1 dB/cm at 0.63 pm using optimized conditions. However, the loss increases to around 3 dB/cm with a... 

Low-loss, heat-resistant single-mode optical waveguides were fabricated using the fluorinated copolyimides with a high optical transparency and refractive index controllability. The high thermal stability of these waveguide materials... 

The refractive indices cited for the waveguide materials are approximate values and are usually determined for the He-Ne laser wavelength 632.8 nm or for the red spectral range. Depending on the purity and the porosity of the waveguide material, the refractive index may vary. 

Type Waveguide material Citation Detection limit min) Detection limit by model system... 

Further modification of the waveguide can be achieved by either applying an electric field while the waveguide material is in the molten-salt bath or by an annealing process after the bath. Index-of-refraction changes near the surface of 0.003-0.1 have been reported for graded-index waveguides [10-12]. 

Electro-Active Optical Waveguides Materials and Fabrication. 120... 

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