Wave manifestations

E oscillates in sign, as described by Eq. (10.7), yet the wave manifests itself with an intensity which is always positive. This suggests that E rather than E itself be used as a measure of light intensity. 

Tlie coupling between the displacements and the amplitude of the density wave manifests itself in a long-wavelength instability in ordered phases with soft directions (such as LAM and HEX) upon a temperature quench (Qi and Wang, 1999). This phenomenon is most easily illustrated using the example of the LAM phase in the weak segregation limit. At a temperature To below the order-disorder transition temperature, the density wave can be represented as a simple sinusoidal wave ... 

In ellipsometry the fluctuations in the interface position (capillary waves) manifest themselves, and when the interfacial tension y is sufficiently small, the influence of K on the interfacial waves can be measured. 

The presence of this new type of surface wave manifests itself in various ways ... 

In addition, if we choose the parameter a as a measure for the distanee between two neighboring atoms - also the k parameter from Eq. (3.18) would gain the physical significance that the electromagnetic wave vectors have. This identification further allows the indication of the type of the sensitivity the electromagnetic waves manifest in scattering (interaction)... 

A term that is nearly synonymous with complex numbers or functions is their phase. The rising preoccupation with the wave function phase in the last few decades is beyond doubt, to the extent that the importance of phases has of late become comparable to that of the moduli. (We use Dirac s terminology [7], which writes a wave function by a set of coefficients, the amplitudes, each expressible in terms of its absolute value, its modulus, and its phase. ) There is a related growth of literatm e on interference effects, associated with Aharonov-Bohm and Berry phases [8-14], In parallel, one has witnessed in recent years a trend to construct selectively and to manipulate wave functions. The necessary techifiques to achieve these are also anchored in the phases of the wave function components. This bend is manifest in such diverse areas as coherent or squeezed states [15,16], elecbon bansport in mesoscopic systems [17], sculpting of Rydberg-atom wavepackets [18,19], repeated and nondemolition quantum measurements [20], wavepacket collapse [21], and quantum computations [22,23], Experimentally, the determination of phases frequently utilizes measurement of Ramsey fringes [24] or similar" methods [25]. 

For example, the measured pressure exerted by an enclosed gas can be thought of as a time-averaged manifestation of the individual molecules random motions. When one considers an individual molecule, however, statistical thermodynamics would propose its random motion or pressure could be quite different from that measured by even the most sensitive gauge which acts to average a distribution of individual molecule pressures. The particulate nature of matter is fundamental to statistical thermodynamics as opposed to classical thermodynamics, which assumes matter is continuous. Further, these elementary particles and their complex substmctures exhibit wave properties even though intra- and interparticle energy transfers are quantized, ie, not continuous. Statistical thermodynamics holds that the impression of continuity of properties, and even the soHdity of matter is an effect of scale. 

Erosion corrosion occurs in an environment where there is flow of the corrosive medium over the apparatus surface. This type of corrosion is greatly accelerated when the flowing medium contains solid particles. The corrosion rate increases with velocity. Erosion corrosion generally manifests as a localized problem due to maldistributions of flow in the apparatus. Corroded regions are often clean, due to the abrasive action of moving particulates, and occur in patterns or waves in the direction of flow. 

The inelastic wave shows rise times that vary quite substantially. Recognizing that the rise time is a direct indication of the balance between the viscous response of the sample and the driving force, Grady [81G01] has analyzed and compared the effective viscosity of a range of materials. These viscosities are manifestations of the dynamic deformation controlled by the shock-induced defects, heterogeneities, and their motions. 

Mild (5.S-6.5 mEq/L) to moderate (6.5-8 mEq/L) potassium blood level increases may be asymptomatic and manifested only by increased serum potassium concentrations and characteristic BOS changes such asdisappearance of P waves or Rereading (widening) of the QRS complex. 

The electrochemical behavior of the C70 solvent-cast films was similar to that of the C60 films, in that four reduction waves were observed, but some significant differences were also evident. The peak splitting for the first reduction/oxidation cycle was larger, and only abont 25% of the C70 was rednced on the first cycle. The prolate spheroidal shape of C70 is manifested in the II-A isotherm of C70 monolayers. Two transitions were observed that gave limiting radii consistent with a transition upon compression from a state with the long molecnlar axes parallel to the water snrface to a state with the long molecnlar axes per-pendicnlar to the water surface. 

How all these actions of noradrenaline are manifest is not clear and, unfortunately, most experiments in this area have been carried out on anaesthetised animals which, arguably, are not ideal for investigating mechanisms underlying arousal One of the few investigations to have been carried out in unanaesthetised rats has shown that infusions of noradrenaline into the nucleus basalis of the medial septum increases waking (and the y-wave activity of the waking phase), but reduces the y-waves of SWS. 

The half-wave potentials of (FTF4)Co2-mediated O2 reduction at pH 0-3 shifts by — 60 mV/pH [Durand et ah, 1983], which indicates that the turnover-determining part of the catalytic cycle contains a reversible electron transfer (ET) and a protonation, or two reversible ETs and two protonation steps. In contrast, if an irreversible ET step were present, the pH gradient would be 60/( + a) mV/pH, where n is the number of electrons transferred in redox equilibria prior to the irreversible ET and a is the transfer coefficient of the irreversible ET. The —60 mV/pH slope is identical to that manifested by simple Ee porphyrins (see Section 18.4.1). The turnover rate of ORR catalysis by (ETE4)Co2 was reported to be proportional to the bulk O2 concentration [Collman et ah, 1994], suggesting that the catalyst is not saturated with O2. 

PCP produced electrical seizure activity at 12.8 mg/kg IV, EEG spectra were clearly different from those produced by lower doses in that fast-frequency, high-amplitude EEG waves occurred and resulted in a spectral peak at about 15 Hz. EEG activity from 0 to 35 Hz occurred during seizures in contrast to subseizure doses, which produced EEG with little activity beyond 10 Hz. Generally, these seizures occurred immediately after IV injections and lasted 1 to 3 minutes. Similar spectra were obtained with NsBPCA (12.8 mg/kg), SKF-10,047 (25.6 mg/kg), and even with ketamine despite the absence of overt convulsant activity. Motor manifestations of EEG seizure activity included whole body tremors and vigorous twitches of the face and vibrissae. 

May manifest as tall R waves in the right precordial leads and ST-segment depression in leads Vj - V4... 

Hyperkalemia is defined as a serum potassium concentration greater than 5 mEq/L (5 mmol/L). Manifestations of hyperkalemia include muscle weakness, paresthesias, hypotension, ECG changes (e.g., peaked T waves, shortened QT intervals, and wide QRS complexes), cardiac arrhythmias, and a decreased pH. Causes of hyperkalemia fall into three broad categories (1) increased potassium intake (2) decreased potassium excretion and (3) potassium release from the intracellular space. 

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