Water Shutoff

This chapter is closely related to the subject of gelling agents (refer to Chapter 8, p. 108, for more information). The action of both gelling and plugging agents have a similar performance to minimize the permeability of a formation. 

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Small-particle-size cement has found a number of uses in production and injection well casing repair jobs [440]. Oil-based cement is particularly useful for water shutoff jobs, because the hydrocarbon slurry sets only in the presence of water, so the oil-producing sections of a reservoir remain relatively damage free after water shutoff. The selective water shutoff with oil-based cement also has been used with polymers crosslinked by metal crosslinkers [442,1178]. 

In situ production of gels for selective water shutoff... 

Profile control occurs by artificially changing the permeability as is done in water shutoff for more information, see Chapter 18. 

Chemicals for Water Shutoff In Situ Polymerization, Polyaddition, and Condensation... 

Low viscosity controllable gel time good water shutoff high cost hard to evaluate... 

Feng, Y, Tabary, R., Renard, M., Le Bon, C., Omari, A., Chauveteau, G., 2003. Characteristics of microgels designed for water shutoff and profile control. Paper SPE 80203 presented at the SPE International Symposium Oilfield Chemistry, Houston, 5-7 February. 

Sydansk, R.D., Xiong, Y., Al-Dhafeeri, A.M., Schrader, R.J., Seright, R.S., 2005. Characterization of partially formed polymer gels for application to fractured production wells for water-shutoff purposes. SPE Production Facilities 20 (3), 240-249. 

Asghari, K., Taabbodi, L., Dong, M.A new gel-foam system for water shutoff purposes in wormhole reservoirs Source SPE/PS-CIM/CHOA International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium Proceedings, v 2005, p A423-A428,2005. 

A boiler rupture occurs if steam flow output is prevented or restricted and the temperature and pressure in the boiler increases. If some form of safely device is not provided or is inadequate to limit the pressure to a safe value, the boiler will rupture. Boilers are required to be equipped with safety valves to relieve pressure if they exceed set values. Low points in some boilers are provided with fusible plugs. During normal operations, the plugs are covered with water which keeps them cool. If the water level drops and they are exposed, the plugs melt and create another vent for pressure relief. Boilers also have low-water shutoff devices which block in the burner fuel when the steam drum water drops below a certain level. 

Perez D, Fragachan FE, Ramirez A, Ferraud JP. Applications of Polymer Gel for Establishing Zonal Isolations and Water Shutoff in Carbonate Formations. SPE Drilling Completion 2001 16 415 30. 

Braided stainless steel supply pipe that fits the space between your toilet and the water shutoff valve on the wall (if not included with toilet)... 

Squealing noise when filling. When water flow is restricted, pipes can whistle. First check that the water shutoff valve that connects the supply line to the wall is fully open. Restricted flow may also be due to pipe corrosion creating a partial blockage. Check the shutoff valve for signs of corrosion, and also check the entrance of the supply line into the tank. If you find corrosion, either use a wire brush to clear it or replace the affected part. 

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