Water fastness

Water clarification Water, cooling Water desalination Water dispersions Water drainage Water fastness Water fluoridation... 

Fast burn-out, Fig. 4A, occurs when the temperature rise is very rapid, for example, less than one second elapsing between the initiation of burn-out and the time at which the metal temperature becomes dangerously high. Unless the channel power is quickly interrupted, a fast burn-out will usually result in physical burn-out. Lee and Obertelli (L4) report having examined a large number of instrument traces to see whether fast burn-out could be associated with any particular ranges of flow velocity, pressure, or quality at the burn-out point, but no generalization could be made. However, it does appear that in the case of water, fast burn-out is nearly always associated with subcooled or low-quality conditions at burn-out. 

In fast (neutron) reactors, the fission chain reaction is sustained by fast neutrons, unlike in thermal reactors. Thus, fast reactors require fuel that is relatively rich in fissile material highly enriched uranium (> 20%) or plutonium. As fast neutrons are desired, there is also the need to eliminate neutron moderators hence, certain liquid metals, such as sodium, are used for cooling instead of water. Fast reactors more deliberately use the 238U as well as the fissile 235U isotope used in most reactors. If designed to produce more plutonium than they consume, they are called fast-breeder reactors if they are net consumers of plutonium, they are called burners . 

Fig. l.Il Increase with time of height h (arbitrary units) of the O nmr signal from coordinated water in PtlHjO) when treated with O-enriched water. Fast injection of 0.7 g of Pt(H20)4(C104)2 (0.58 M) and HCIO4 (3.5 M) into 0.55 g of 20% O-enriched water at 50.6°C was employed. 55 Reprinted with permission from L. Helm, L. I. Elding and A. E. Merbach, Inorg. Chem. 24, 1719 (1985). 1985, American Chemical Society. 

If the roughness parameter d increases beyond 136, the turbulent eddies become larger and begin to feel the limited vertical extension of the water column. As a result, the exponent n in Eq. 1 steadily increases until it reaches a new constant value at 1/2. At this point the eddies have reached the full depth of the river and are thus able to transport water fast between surface and bottom. This is the situation described by the large-eddy model of O Connor and Dobbins (1958). We formulate it in the general form of Eq. 1 ... 

Discussion. We can now propose a coarse description of the paraffinic medium in a lamellar lyotropic mesophase (potassium laurate-water). Fast translational diffusion, with D 10"6 at 90 °C, occurs while the chain conformation changes. The characteristic times of the chain deformations are distributed up to 3.10"6 sec at 90 °C. Presence of the soap-water interface and of neighboring molecules limits the number of conformations accessible to the chains. These findings confirm the concept of the paraffinic medium as an anisotropic liquid. One must also compare the frequencies of the slowest deformation mode (106 Hz) and of the local diffusive jump (109 Hz). When one molecule wants to slip by the side of another, the way has to be free. If the swinging motions of the molecules, or their slowest deformation modes, were uncorrelated, the molecules would have to wait about 10"6 sec between two diffusive jumps. The rapid diffusion could then be understood if the slow motions were collective motions in the lamellae. In this respect, the slow motions could depend on the macroscopic structure (lamellar or cylindrical, for example)... 

The major advantage of the microporous coatings is the speed with which they absorb inks as a result of their porosity. This instantaneous absorption provides, in effect, instant drying. Additional characteristics of the microporous layer are the high water fastness and its compatibility with both dye and pigment inks. 

In testing the Rev 1 ink, we observe excellent optical density and bleed performance, as expected. We get good water fastness, but abrasion resistance (dry rub, highlighter smear) is poor for this ink. To bolster performance, we exchange some of the styrene-acrylic binder SMA 2000 with an aqueous pol5mrethane dispersion, for example, Mace 85-302-1 (Mace Corporation). Furthermore, the decap... 

Azo yellow is acid fast and can be used satisfactorily for dyeing tin phosphate weighted silks. It is indispensible for producing water fast yellow and brown tints. 

Cationic surfactants appeared on the market in 1933. They were originally used as dye leveling agents in the textile industry, to improve the water fastness of direct and acid dyes on cellulose [1-3]. Some of the first cationic actives were synthesized by Ciba (Switzerland) and commercialized as Sapamines [1], Very quickly, the soft feel delivered by long-chain derivatives was noticed and exploited to restore the fabric finish. 

The effect of sorbed water, fast cooling of nylon 6 melt and addition of copolymer of ethylene and vinyl alcohol to nylon 6 on CP/MAS NMR spectrum and C Ti was studied [16]. It was found that sorbed water does not affect the spectra and the Tj values. However, differences could be observed between the spectra and Ti values of nylon 6 powder, nylon 6 film and nylon 6 in the blends. 

For the case of equally spaced Rushton turbines in deionized water (fast coalescence), all constants are virtually the same. Power was additive, suggesting that the turbines functioned independently. While there is some variation in K for other configurations, values of a and p are nearly constant. The gas flow constant dominates over power. This is not the case for noncoalescing polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP) and salt-containing solutions. Experiments included one impeller with HIT = 1.0, two impellers with HIT = 2.0, and three impellers with HIT = 3. All impellers were equally spaced. 

If freezing of tissues occurs slowly, ice forms in extracellular areas as water flows out of the cell by exosmosis. As a result, the cell dehydrates and does not freeze intracellularly. However, if the cell is cooled rapidly, it cannot lose water fast enough to maintain equilibrium with its environment, and it therefore becomes increasingly supercooled and eventually freezes intracellularly (27). Mazur (27,28) suggested that injury from intracellular ice and its subsequent growth by recrystallization is a direct... 

Table 1.3 Materials for light-water, fast-breeder, and mohen-salt reactors...

The third case, a pressure gradient induced by the bottom current and a supposed advective movement of the pore water, is of importance mainly on the shelf where shallow waters, fast currents, an uneven underground, and high permeability values in coarse sediments are encountered. Ziebis et al. (1996) as well as Forster et al. (1996) were able to demonstrate by in situ measurements and in flume experiments that the influence of bottom currents may be indeed crucial for the superficial pore water of coarse sand sediments near to the coast. 

The reaction scheme used in the first commercial electrochemical test strip from MediSense (now Abbott Diabetes Care) is shown later. Electron transfer rates between the reduced form of glucose oxidase and ferricinium ion derivatives are very rapid compared with the unwanted side reaction with oxygen (Cass et al. 1984 Forrow et al. 2002). The Abbott Diabetes Care Precision QID strip includes the l,l -dimethyl-3-(2-amino-l-hydroxyethyl) ferrocene mediator, which has the desirable characteristics of high solubility in water, fast electron-shuttling (bimolecular rate constant of 4.3 X 10 M s ), stability, and pH independence of the redox potential (Heller and Feldman 2008). Electrochemical oxidation of the ferrocene derivative is performed at 0.6 V. Oxidation of interferences, such as ascorbic acid and acetaminophen present in blood, are corrected for by measuring the current at a second electrode on the strip that does not contain glucose oxidase. 

Nevertheless, with the arrival of synthetic indigo in the 20th century, more beautiful and water-fast cotton dyes than ever before could be produced, e.g. Indanthrene Blue. Arising out of the chemistry of alizarin, work began on an-thraquinone dyestuffs. In 1901, Rene Bohn at BASF made a remarkable dis-... 

The ink is evaluated in water fastness and ranked in accordance with the following standard (19) ... 

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