Water, and solubility

The lower members of the series are liquids soluble in water and volatile in steam. As the number of carbon atoms in the molecule increases, the m.p. and b.p. rise and the acids become less soluble in water and less volatile. The higher fatty acids are solids, insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. 

Mesalamine. Rowasa, Asacol, and Pentasa are trade names for mesalamine [89-57-6] (5-ASA, 5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid). It is a white to pinkish crystalline substance that is slightly soluble in cold water and alcohol, more soluble in hot water, and soluble in hydrochloric acid. It may be prepared by the reduction of y -nitrobenzoic acid with zinc dust and HCl. 

Dicofol [54532-36-4] l,l-bis(/)-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol, R = Cl (139), is a white crystalline soHd (mp 79°C). This compound is insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents, and in the presence of alkaU forms the inactive/),/) -dichloroben2ophenone and chloroform. Dicofol is a long-lasting acaricide and is active against all stages of mites. The rat oral LD qS are 809, 684 mg/kg. 

Glyburide. Glyburide or l-[ [2-(5-chloro-(9-anisamido)ethyl]phenyl]sulfonyl]-3-cyclohexylurea, mol wt 494.00, forms crystals from methanol, mp 169—170°C. Its piC is 5.3 and it is sparingly soluble in water and soluble in the usual organic solvents. 

Tolbutamide. Tolbutamide (l-but5l-3-(p-tolylsulfonyl)urea), with mol wt 270.35, is known as Orinase. It is a white to off-white practically ododess crystalline powder having a slightly bitter taste, mp 126—132°C. It is practically insoluble in water, and soluble in alcohol and chloroform. The toxicity of tolbutamide appears to be low, and reactions are similar to those observed with other sulfonylureas. 

Hydroxyacetanilide. This derivative (21), also known as 4-acetamidophenol, acetaminophen, or paracetamol, forms large white monoclinic prisms from water. The compound is odorless and has a bitter taste. 4-Hydroxyacetani1 ide is insoluble in petroleum ether, pentane, and ben2ene slightly soluble in diethyl ether and cold water and soluble in hot water, alcohols, dimethylformamide, 1,2-dichloroethane, acetone, and ethyl acetate. The dissociation constant, pfC, is 9.5 (25°C). 

Cupric chloride or copper(II) chloride [7447-39 ], CUCI2, is usually prepared by dehydration of the dihydrate at 120°C. The anhydrous product is a dehquescent, monoclinic yellow crystal that forms the blue-green orthohombic, bipyramidal dihydrate in moist air. Both products are available commercially. The dihydrate can be prepared by reaction of copper carbonate, hydroxide, or oxide and hydrochloric acid followed by crystallization. The commercial preparation uses a tower packed with copper. An aqueous solution of copper(II) chloride is circulated through the tower and chlorine gas is sparged into the bottom of the tower to effect oxidation of the copper metal. Hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride is used to prevent hydrolysis of the copper(II) (11,12). Copper(II) chloride is very soluble in water and soluble in methanol, ethanol, and acetone. 

Benzoic acid (benzene carboxylic acid) is a white crystalline solid with a characteristic odor. It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in most common organic solvents. 

Soil solution is the aqueous phase of soil. It is in the pore space of soils and includes soil water and soluble constituents, such as dissolved inorganic ions and dissolved organic solutes. Soil solution accommodates and nourishes many surface and solution reactions and soil processes, such as soil formation and decomposition of organic matter. Soil solution provides the source and a channel for movement and transport of nutrients and trace elements and regulates their bioavailability in soils to plants. Trace element uptake by organisms and transport in natural systems typically occurs through the solution phase (Traina and Laperche, 1999). 

The molecule, cw-5-pentacosene, C25H50 or CH3(CH2)3CH=CH(CH2)i8CH3, is a fairly high molecular weight non-polar compound. It should be a solid at room temperature, insoluble in water, and soluble in nonpolar solvents. 

Slightly soluble in water and soluble in methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile. 

HD vapors are heavier than air and tend to seek lower elevations. HD is slightly soluble in cold water and soluble in most organic solvents. Exposure in any concentration will cause severe choking. Exposure to vapors in low to moderate concentrations will cause temporary blindness and inflammation of the entire respiratory tract. Higher concentrations cause permanent blindness and strip the bronchial tubes of their mucus membrane linings. 

The taxanes are practically insoluble in water and solubility is limited to mixtures of ethanol with poly-ethoxylated castor oil. They are generally administered in 3-24 hour infusions. The taxanes are for 90-95% plasma protein bound and primarily metabolized by P450 enzymes in the liver. Less than 10% is excreted in the urine as parent compounds. The elimination half-life of docetaxel is approximately 10 hours while that of paclitaxel has been vary-ingly reported between 5 and 50 hours. Inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme Cyp3A4, like keto-conazole and erythromycine, are contraindicated. 

Its hydrobromide salt Is also crystalline with a melting point of 214-218°C. The hydrochloride is soluble In water, methanol, ethanol, aniline, and methylene chloride, and the base is almost insoluble in water and soluble in toluene, methanol, ethyl acetate, kerosene, and methylene chloride. The base (SNB) is crystalline with a melting point of 46-46.5°C. 

In water and soluble In oils, fats, and organic solvents. It penetrates clothing readily. Moist skin of armpits, groin, and Inner surfaces of thighs Is especially vulnerable.1, 47,77... 

Trithiocyanato-triammino-chromium, [Cr(NH3)3(SCN)3], is formed by heating thioeyanato-pentammino-chromie thiocyanate, [Cr(NH3)5SCN](SCN)2, at 130° to 140° C. till the odour of ammonia disappears. The residue is rubbed with water, any unchanged pent-ammino-salt dissolves, and treatment is continued until the filtrate is only very feebly coloured trithiocyanato-triammino-chromium is thereby left as a light red powder. It is almost insoluble in cold water, sparingly soluble in hot water, and soluble in pyridine.3... 

Hexaethylenediamino-hexol-tetrachromic Sulphate, [Cr4(OH)6en6](SO4)3.10H2O, is prepared from partially dehydrated chromic alum. The bluish-grey powder obtained is heated with ethylene-diamine monohydrate on a water-bath till a red-coloured mass is produced, which consists of a mixture of potassium sulphate, luteo-chromic sulphate, and the sulphate of the hexol compound, and from the mixture the latter compound is obtained by dissolving out the more soluble salts with water. The crude, difficultly soluble sulphate is purified by dissolving in dilute sulphuric acid and reprecipitating with excess of ammonia. It crystallises in small needles which are almost insoluble in water and soluble in dilute acids. 

The solubility of molecules can be explained on the basis of the polarity of molecules. Polar, e.g. water, and nonpolar, e.g. benzene, solvents do not mix. In general, like dissolves like i.e., materials with similar polarity are soluble in each other. A polar solvent, e.g. water, has partial charges that can interact with the partial charges on a polar compound, e.g. sodium chloride (NaCl). As nonpolar compounds have no net charge, polar solvents are not attracted to them. Alkanes are nonpolar molecules, and are insoluble in polar solvent, e.g. water, and soluble in nonpolar solvent, e.g. petroleum ether. The hydrogen bonding and other nonbonding interactions between molecules are described in Chapter 2. 

HMX is a white crystalline substance and exists in four polymorphic modifications, the P form being most stable and least sensitive. The a and forms exist at room temperature but all forms transform to 8 polymorph above 160 °C. Octogen is usually obtained in the p form which is less sensitive to impact and has a density of 1.91 gem-3 and m.p. of 291 °C. HMX and RDX are almost alike in chemical reactivity. It is non-hygroscopic, insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents similar to RDX. They differ only in that ... 

---