Wastewater electrochemical technologies

Chen, G.H., Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment, Separation and Purification Technology, 38 (1), 11-41, 2004. 

Wilcock, A. Brewster, M. Tincher, W. Using electrochemical technology to treat textile wastewater three case studies. Am. Dyest. Rep. 1992, 81, 15-22. 

Chen, G. (2004) Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment. Sep. Purif. Technol. 38, 11 11. 

Anodic oxidation is one of the most common electrochemical technologies for the treatment of wastewaters with low contents of organics pollutants. In acid medium, this method involves the destruction of contaminants with adsorbed OH generated at the surface of a high 02-overpotential anode as intermediate during water oxidation to 02 (Comninellis and De Battisti 1996 Panizza and Cerisola 2005) ... 

While electrochemical technologies have been known and utilized for the treatment of wastewater containing heavy metal cations, the application of these processes is only just a beginning to be developed for the oxidation of recalcitrant organic pollutants. 

Refs. [i] Wendt H, Kreysa G (1999) Electrochemical engineering Science and technology in chemical and other industries. Springer, Berlin, chap 11, pp 326-344 [ii] Long RB (1995) Separation processes in waste minimization. Marcel Dekker, New York, chap 10, pp 288-298 [iii] Kr-ishnan ER (1995) Recovery of metals from sludges and wastewaters. Pollution Technology Review, no 207. Noyes Data Corporation, William Andrew, pp 38-46... 

MOOK w T, CHAKRABARTi M H ef al. (2012) Removal of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrate and total organic carbon (TOC) from aquaculture wastewater using electrochemical technology A review. Desalination 285 1-13. 

Electrochemical technologies for the regeneration of urban wastewaters. Electrochim Acta 55 8160-8164... 

Electrochemistry can offer much for solving or alleviating environmental problems. Over the past 15 years, electrochemical technology has been largely developed for its alternative use in wastewater remediation. The strategies include both the treatment of effluents and waste and the development of new processes or products with less harmful effects, often denoted as process-integrated environmental protection. Electrochemistry offers two options for the treatment of these pollutants with the aim of oxidizing... 

Walsh FC (2001) Electrochemical technology for environmental treatment and clean energy conversion. Pure Appl Chem 73 1819-1837 Chen G (2004) Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol 38 11 1 Martinez-Huitle CA, Ferro S (2006) Electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants for the wastewater treatment direct and indirect processes. Chem Soc Rev 35 1324-1340... 

The capability of forming these chemically reactive hydroxyl radicals on the BDD surface has made possible an important new electrochemical technology. The main applications are the electrochemical oxidation of aromatic compounds for synthetic applications, the production of strong oxidants, and the electro-incineration of organic pollutants for wastewater treatment. 

Drogui, P., Asselin, M., Brar, S.K., Benmoussa, H., and Blais, J.F., Electrochemical removal of pollutants from agro-industry wastewaters, Separation and Purification Technology, 61, 301-310, 2008. 

Electrochemical treatment has been used for many years in the mining and utility industries and is a proven technology for removing hexavalent chromium from wastewater. 

Low-cost sources of electrical power have stimulated the widespread application of a number of electrochemically based technologies in wastewater treatment (Scheme 3). 

Electrolysis cells for BDD electrodes are commercially available, e.g. a modular electrochemical cell from CSEM (now Adamant Technologies, Switzerland) (Haenni et al. 2002). Unfortunately, they are designed for wastewater treatment and therefore generally not applicable to organic media. Furthermore, these cell dimensions require relatively large electrodes. In order to work on a smaller scale and to apply various reaction conditions for preparative purposes, a novel cell geometry was developed. 

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