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Waste material production background

Exempt Radioactive Wastes. The radioactive waste classification system in the United States does not include a general class of exempt waste (see Table 1.1). Rather, many products and materials that contain small amounts of radionuclides (e.g., specified consumer products, liquid scintillation counters containing 3H and 14C) have been exempted from requirements for use or disposal as radioactive material on a case-by-case basis. The various exemption levels are intended to correspond to low doses to the public, especially compared with dose limits in radiation protection standards for the public or doses due to natural background radiation. However, the exemption levels are not based on a particular dose, and potential doses to the public resulting from use or disposal of the exempt products and materials vary widely. [Pg.14]

Radiation is emitted from nuclear and, because of the presence of trace elements, from fossil-fueled power stations. The amounts are generally small, with public exposure similar to that of background radiation levels. However, the major issues surrounding nuclear power are how to deal with radioactive waste products and how to avoid proliferation of radioactive material. Until these issues are resolved and a clear lead given by governments, new nuclear plant is unlikely to be built, particularly not by the private sector. Once again, renewables can begin to fill the gap. [Pg.2636]

The Danish minister of environment in 1988 announced that within a few years the manufacture and use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products had to be reduced as much as technically and economically possible due to their environmental impacts of production, use, and disposal. This preventive environmental policy was mainly based on the emission of hydrogen chloride and dioxins from waste incineration. A study of the technical, economic, and environmental consequences of a substitution was initiated by the National Agency of Environmental Protection. The goal was to collect background data for the upcoming negotiations between the environmental authorities and PVC-industry and manufacturers of PVC products in Denmark. The environmental assessment focused on PVC and 11 alternative materials, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephtalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PUR), synthetic rubbers (EPDM, CR and SBR), paper, impregnated wood, and aluminum. ... [Pg.253]

It has been said that, in the fullness of time, all lead used by human populations eventually becomes lead dispersed and lead contamination in the form of future background with the rise and fall of cultures and civilizations (NAS/NRC, 1993, p. 18). There are nmnerous examples of this inexorable movement of lead from use to waste stream, a movement aided by complex entries and exits from numerous and diverse environmental compartments. Examples include lead that becomes the material of discrete artifacts as well as lead that is dispersed uniformly with its production into environmental compartments as constituents of the atmosphere, leaded dusts from atmospheric fallout, lead in riverine and marine sediments, lead in biota, etc. The close relationship of lead production to eventual lead dispersal and environmental contamination over both the near and long term means that one cannot get a handle on the latter without some quantitative assessment of the former. [Pg.42]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.157 , Pg.158 , Pg.159 , Pg.160 ]




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Background materials

Product Materials

Production materials

Waste material production

Waste production 240

Waste products

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