Waste management steps

Because of interdependencies among and between steps in waste management decisions made at one step may foreclose tematives for, or otherwise affect, a stibsequent stqi. Furthermore, there are relationships between waste management steps and operations that generate either radioactive waste or materials that can be recycled or reused. 

Those responsible for a particular waste management step or operation generating waste should adequately recognize interactions and relationships. 

Because generators are the first step in the RCRA system, it is important that they properly classify and identify their waste to ensure proper handling later in the hazardous waste management process. 

Proper hazardous waste identification is essential to the success of the hazardous waste management program. The RCRA regulations require that any person who produces or generates a waste must determine if that waste is hazardous. For this purpose, the RCRA includes the following steps in the hazardous waste identification process2 ... 

The thermal desorption process could be an excellent first step in soil treatment if used in conjunction with another ex situ treatment. Thermal desorption can remove TCE, most diesel fuel, and perhaps organically bound lead. Chemical Waste Management, Inc., has claimed that thermal desorption can reduce volatile organics to less than 1 mg/L and inorganics to less than 10 mg/L (sometimes even to less than 1 mg/L), and has shown a removal of 96 to 99+% of PCBs from soils containing 120 to 6000 mg/L of initial PCBs.17-91... 

Clausen, C.A. (2004a). Inproving the two-step remediation process for CCA-treated wood part I. Evaluating oxalic acid extraction. Waste Management, 24(4), 401-405. 

J.S. Ilirschhorn (Congressional Office of Technology Assessment) as early as 1988 presented a scholarly summary of waste reduction as the ultimate key to pollution abatement, Waste reduction is the only way to save industry some of tire escalating costs of the current waste-management system. The direct costs of waste disposal have increased some 50 times just over the past few years. Hirschhorn listed six steps to waste reduction ... 

As no technology can selectively transmute minor actinides to a degree meaningful for waste management while they are contained in the spent nuclear fuel, these elements must be separated from the neutron-absorbing elements before being properly transmuted. In the case of trivalent minor actinides, this preliminary step is further necessary because of the following reasons ... 

It should be noted, however, that a simplified version of the DIAMEX-SANEX/ HDEHP process was also successfully implemented on a genuine highly active DIAMEX product (An(III) + Ln(III) fraction) in 2005, as the second step of an An(III)/Ln(III) partitioning scheme, in the scope of the technical feasibility validation of minor-actinide separation proposed by the CEA to address the issues of the 1991 French radioactive waste management act (154). 

A wide variety of treatment technologies to reduce the volume, change the physical or chemical form (e.g., incineration, solidification of a liquid waste, neutralization of acidic or basic waste), and suitably package the waste for subsequent management steps. 

Dufour JT (1989) Hazardous waste management handbook Step-by step guide to environmental compliance. California Chamber of Commerce, Sacramento, CA... 

Barton L. L., Choudhury K, Thompson B., Steenhoudt K., and Groffman A. R. (1996) Bacterial reduction of soluble uranium the first step of in situ immobilization of uranium. Radioact. Waste Manage. Environ. Restor. 20, 141-151. 

Membrane technology will be a strategic step for the development of new industrial sectors and for the innovation in old industrial activities including broad implementation in the area of waste management. 

The location of the Pu-U partitioning step in Purex flow-sheets and the selection of specific operating variables (flow rates, concentrations, temperature) were generally determined by the type of fuel to be reprocessed, the subsequent waste management schemes, and the desired characteristics of the products. 

To integrate the HAW partitioning into a waste management scheme including concentration, intermediate storage and conditioning steps, two options can be envisaged. The HAW may in fact be partitioned ... 

The actinides as trace components will not take any penulty on the already tested waste management procedures (denitration, calcination, vitrification), provided that Np and Pu can be retained in the aqueous waste stream. Without changes of the THOREX flow-sheet, the 1st feed solution contains Np(V) and Pu(lV). Consequently, Np ends up in the waste stream, while Pu following the heavy metal, can be withdrawn with the aqueous phase of the 2nd coextraction step with reducing agents and thus combined with Np (hatched arrow) for the further waste treatment. 

There may also be certain other undesirable materials in addition to the normal process flow that could be discharged from the unit. These undesirable materials could potentially cause concern if steps were not taken in the waste management process and product treating... 

Step-by-step instruction and importance to hazardous waste management. Part of seven-volume series, "Handling Hazard Waste."... 

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