WASTE MANAGEMENT ROUTES

Despite these limitations both methods represent the best techniques currently available and a marked improvement in the knowledge of the tritium inventory of this highly tritiated waste stream when compared to historical Chapelcross paper records which are now superseded. Previous work to determine the specific activity utilised the application of a highly conservative activity conversion factor from liberated gaseous tritium in equilibrium with a solid matrix inside a sealed container to an in-situ P measmement of gaseous tritium. Consequently the maximum specific activity has been determined to be < 25 % of the previous assessment and provides sufficient surety of true activity to support the appropriate onward waste management routing decision for this unique waste stream. 

As for enviromnental aspects, in the last years many LCAs have been performed that aimed to compare the different recycling and treatment routes for plastics packaging waste. They often include cost calculations for the whole waste management chain. Examples include ... 

Moll, A.J. and Clark, C.R., "An Overview of Alcohol Production Routes", presented at "Alcohols as Alternative Fuels for Ontario" Symposium, Toronto, Ontario (19 November 1976). Moses, C.T. and Rivero, J.R., "Design and Operation of the Purox System Demonstration Plant", from the 5th Nat. Congress on Waste Management Technology and Resource Recovery, Dallas, (7-9 Dec. 1976). 

Jo, W.-K., and S.-J. Choi, Vehicle Occupants Exposure to Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds While Commuting on an Urban-Suburban Route in Korea, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 46, 749-754 (1996). 

Once it has been reviewed and recommended for approval by the IH Technician, the PX-761 is routed to the Industrial Hygiene Section Manager for review and approval. It is ihen electronically routed to at least four other Chemical Control Committee members. Those four areas are Fire Protection Engineering, Fire Department, Waste Management, and Environmental Protection. 

S.M. Al-Salem, P. Lettieri, J. Baeyens, Recyeling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW) a review. Waste Manag. 29(10), 2625-2643 (2009)... 

A further obstacle to the development of sustainable landfilling practices is the reliance on a strict waste management hierarchy (Qiapter 1), diat places landfill as a last resort measure. Waste mimimisation and recycling should, under most circumstances, remain the preferred waste management options, but once these possibilities have been exhausted, the choice of treatment/disposal route should be on the basis of the Best Practicable Environmental Option. This will equate with the most sustainable option. LandflU will almost certainly constitute BPEO for some waste streams, and for these wastes, landfill should be used as the preferred management option. 

Catalysis plays a prominent role in our everyday life. A majority of the common industrial chemicals and fuels used around the world have been in contact with one or more catalysts during elaboration, using routes permitting a more efficient control of selectivity and improved waste management - an economic benefit - just a few of the advantages when compared to stoichiometric methods. In short, catalysis is vitally important for economies now and will be even more important in the future. 

My presentation will cover both routes, but because primarily the accumulated exp ience has to be emphasized, the scope of my presentation will be limited to those following steps of waste management, where practical experience has been gained ... 

The preferred process route and associated waste management options identified by tiie above procedure is the Best Practical Environmental Option (BPEO). 

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