Wallace, Paul

Stanley Pohl Joseph Varco Paul Wallace LeszekJ. Wolfram Clairol, Inc. 

Cook, Paul F. and Cleland, William Wallace, Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism, Garland Science/Taylor Francis, London, 2007. 

Ekman, Paul, and Wallace V. Friesen. 1986. "A New Pancultural Facial Expression of Emotion." Motivation and Emotion 159-68. 

Patterson LK, Bansal KM, Bogan G, Infante GA, Fendler EJ, Fendler JH (1972) Micellar effects on CI2 reactivity. Reactions with surfactants and pyrimidines. J Am Chem Soc 94 9028-9032 Paul CR, Belfi CA, Arakali AV, Box HC (1987a) Radiation damage to dinucleoside monophosphates mediated versus direct damage. Int J Radiat Biol 51 103-114 Paul CR, Arakali AV, Wallace JC, McReynolds J, Box HC (1987b) Radiation chemistry of 2 deoxycytidy-lyl-(3 5 ) -2 deoxyguanosine and its sequence isomer in N20- and 02-saturated solutions. Radiat Res 112 464-477... 

Paul CR, Wallace JC, Alderfer JL, Box HC (1988) Radiation chemistry of d(TpApCpG) in oxygenated solution. Int J Radiat Biol 54 403-415... 

Paul CR, Budzinski EE, Maccubbin A, Wallace JC, Box HC (1990) Characterization of radiation-induced damage in d(TpApCpG). Int J Radiat Biol 58 759-768 Schroder E, Budzinski EE, Wallace JC.ZimbrickJD, Box HC (1995) Radiation chemistry of d(ApCpGpT). Int J Radiat Biol 68 509-523... 

Fig. 7.2. Dot plots showing the staining of lymphocytes for intracellular interferon-y in conjunction with an outer membrane stain (against CD8) to phenotype the cytokine-producing cells. Cells were stained for CD8 and then fixed with formaldehyde and permeabilized with saponin. The stimulus was PMA-ionomycin. Data courtesy of Paul Wallace.

Oswald Steward, Christopher S. Wallace, and Paul F. Worley... 

It is also interesting to note that the decomposition of pseudobinary intermetallic compounds (LaNi4Fe and CeNis-jCo ) leads to the formation of bimetallic transition metal particles which display different selectivities than the catalysts derived from the related binary intermetallic compound (Paul-Boncour et al. 1991, France and Wallace 1988). The characterization of the bimetallic particles by XRD, Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetism indicated that their composition was close to that of the starting alloy. 

JOHN M. BARNARD, PETER W. KENNY AND PAUL N. WALLACE S... 

While at DuPont (1934-1938), he was privileged to be associated with Dr. Wallace H. Carothers who was the leading polymer scientist in the U.S. at that time. He also married Emely Catherine Tabor during his tenure in Wilmington. The Floiys are parents of Susan, Melinda, and Paul J. Flory. 

As stated in his profile, Wallace C. Carothers is recognized as the inventor of the first synthetic polyamide fiber viz nylon 66. However, S. Gabriel S3mthesized a polyamide via nylon 6 in 1899. In the 1930 s Paul Schlack repeated this synthesis and produced commercial nylon 6 by the polymerization of caprolactam. 

The program of this unique "macrosymposium" resembles a rich bunch of beautiful flowers each one having its own look, color and flavor. Forty three papers will be presented by lecturers who came from 15 different companies and academic institutions. Fittingly for the historic character of the show the first two lecturers will give an account of two polymers which, almost 60 years ago — in the late 1920 s — were prepared and studied on a laboratory scale by Wallace H. Carothers of DuPont and Paul Schlack of I.G. Farben the two nylons - 6,6 and 6 - which inaugurated the age of the "Man-Made" synthetic fibers a decade later. Soon thereafter France joined the club with nylon 11 and 12. The main thrust of these early efforts was aiming at the replacement of silk, a high priced material of superior quality and performance. And, indeed, the first synthetic fiber formers, were costly newcomers. Polymer Science... 

Stanley Pohl, Joseph Varco, Paul Wallace, and Leszek J. Wolfram... 

The authors are grateful to Robert G. Lewis, Thomas M. Spittler, and Lance A. Wallace of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Michael G. Ruby of Envirometrics Paul V. Williams of the Northwest Asthma and... 

The main course was served early. Wallace Carothers (1896-1937) of DuPont delivered a tour de force on Polymers and Polyfunctionality. He stressed the need for the formation of actual chemical bonds between polyfunctional molecules. One class of bond forming processes is the condensation reaction. Carothers had made a thorough study of many polycondensation reactions. These reactions are reversible and lead to a product with a distribution of chain lengths. Carothers announced that the observed molecular weight distribution had been calculated by Paul Flory (1910-1985, Nobel 1974) from his group at DuPont. The discussion of this paper was very lively and Carothers gave especially good answers (Fig. 3.9) ... 

The final paper in The Collected Papers of Wallace Carothers on Polymerization is the classic plenary lecture at the Faraday Discussion of 1935 reviewed in A Prehistory of Polymer Science [5]. Just as Humphry Davy s greatest gift to Chemistry was Michael Faraday, Wallace Carothers revealed in this paper that there was a new scientist working on fundamental properties of polymers Paul John Flory (1910-1985). 

Wallace Carothers, duPont s famous polymer chemist, proposed classifying polymers by reference to the stoichiometry of the polymerization reaction. If the entire monomer molecule ends up in the polymer, he called it an addition polymer, whereas if there is a byproduct, often water, the primary product is called a condensation polymer. He thus considered vinyl polymers to be addition polymers and polyesters to be condensation polymers. However, it was later learned that it is possible to make some addition polymers by reactions in which there is a byproduct and to make some condensation polymers by reactions in which there is no byproduct. Paul Flory, who started his career as the theoretician in Carother s duPont research group, later proposed that the reaction mechanism be used as the basis for classifying polymers. In this scheme, in a step polymerization, any two reactive molecules can combine, so polymerization occurs uniformly throughout the reaction mixture. In chain growth polymerization, on the other hand, monomer units are added only to species containing an active center or initiator, which can be a free radical, an ion, or an active catalyst site. Condensation polymers are usually produced by step reactions, and addition polymers are usually made by... 

I am grateful for valuable input from Profs. Adele Scafuro (Brovm), Adriaan Lanni (Harvard), Thomas Hubbard (Texas), Paul Cartledge (Cambridge), Robert Wallace (Northwestern), Joseph McGinn (Vanderbilt), Athina Dimopoulou-Pdiouni (Athens), Allison Glazebrook (Brock), and Gerhard Thtir (Vienna). None of these scholars necessarily endorses any of my views (and at least one has dissented most helpfully). 

Flory, Paul John (1910-85) American polymer chemist. Flory s early work consisted of helping Wallace CAROTHERS to develop nylon and neoprene. He began to investigate the properties of polymers in the 1930s. Flory solved the difficulty that a polymer molecule does not have a fixed size and structure by using statistical techniques to calculate a distribution of polymer chain lengths. Flory also worked on polymers in which there are links between chains. This led to work on the elasticity of rubber. Flory summarized his work in the classic books Principles of Polymer Chemistry (1953) and Statistical Mechanics of Chain Molecules (1969). Flory won the 1974 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his work on polymers. 

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