W-Butyl ACRYLATE

Further, we examined the Heck reaction between w-butyl acrylate and 4-bromobenzotrifluoride 5 in the presence of 2 mol% Pd clusters in a singlevessel monomode m/w oven fitted with an infrared thermometer. 100% conversion with quantitative yield to the cinnamate was obtained after 5 min irradiation at 75 W/240 °C. We then repeated the reaction under conventional heating at 240 °C. After 3.5 min a black tarry gel formed. Extraction followed by GC analysis showed only cinnamate, but the tarry material (probably acrylate polymers/oligomers) could not be analysed. These experiments show that when clusters are present different results are obtained depending whether m/w heating or conventional heating is used. In principle, this could be the result of hot spots created on the metal clusters. 

Reininghaus W, Koestner A, Klimisch HJ Chroic toxicity and oncogenicity of inhaled methyl acrylate and w-butyl acrylate in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 29 329-339, 1991... 

No exposure-related clinical signs or lesions of systemic toxicity were observed in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by inhalation to w-butyl acrylate, at concentrations of 0, 15, 45 and 135 ppm [0, 86, 258 and 773 mg/m ] over 24 months (Reininghaus et al., 1991). Atrophy of the neurogenic epithelial cells and hyperplasia of reserve cells were observed in the nasal mucosa of all -butyl acrylate-treated animals. These changes were dose-related and mainly affected the anterior part of the olfactory epithelium. Opacity and neovascularization of the cornea were seen in the group exposed to 135 ppm /7-butyl acrylate. 

According to literary data, the following mixtures of aromatic/aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbons were separated toluene/ n-hexane, toluene/n-heptane, toluene/n-octane, toluene/f-octane, benzene/w-hexane, benzene/w-heptane, benzene/toluene, and styrene/ethylbenzene [10,82,83,109-129]. As membrane media, various polymers were used polyetherurethane, poly-esterurethane, polyetherimide, sulfonyl-containing polyimide, ionicaUy cross-linked copolymers of methyl, ethyl, n-butyl acrylate with acrilic acid. For example, when a composite polyetherimide-based membrane was used to separate a toluene (50 wt%)/n-octane mixture, the flux Q of 10 kg pm/m h and the separation factor of 70 were achieved [121]. When a composite mebrane based on sulfonyl-containing polyimide was used to separate a toluene (1 wt%)/ -octane mixture, the flux 2 of 1.1 kg pm/m h and the separation factor of 155 were achieved [10]. When a composite membrane based on ionically cross-linked copolymers of methyl, ethyl, w-butyl acrylate with acrilic acid was used to separate toluene (50 wt%)//-octane mixture, the flux Q of 20-1000 kg pm/m h and the separation factor of 2.5-13 were achieved [126,127]. 

Some rather interesting, if complex, materials have been prepared by Vollmert (1962). For instance, in his example 5, Vollmert emulsion polymerized w-butyl acrylate, styrene, 1,4-butane-diol monoacrylate, and 1,4-butane-diol diacrylate, forming polymer I. Separately, n-butyl acrylate, styrene, and acrylic acid were emulsion-polymerized, forming polymer II. Polymers I and II were mixed, precipitated, washed, dried, and dissolved in styrene and acrylic acid, followed by polymerization, forming polymer III. The material was then heated to induce grafting between polymers I and II, and I and III. 

The degradation products of poly tertiary- mty acrylate are shown in Table 3.4 and Table 3.5 and the formation of carbon dioxide, monomer and dimers are consistent with the mechanisms for poly-w-butyl acrylate. Isobutylene formation is in agreement with the work of Schaefgen and Sarasohn [37] while the presence of carbon dioxide, monomer, and dimers extends their work. 

Micromrxers in conjunction with serial microreactors can also be used effectively for LRP reactions, particularly for mixing viscous living polymer melts with non-viscous monomer for block copolymer production. For example, poly(n-butyl acrylate) can be synthesized in a microtube reactor via an N M P reaction, then the viscous homopolymer melt can be efficiently mixed with low-viscosity styrene monomer via a micromixer [90]. This can then be followed by N M P of the styrene on to the poly (w-butyl acrylate) chains in a second microtube reactor, thus creating a block copolymer. This technique gives a narrower molecular weight distribution product than comparable batch reactions. 

Fig. 11. The stress—strain curves recorded for the two triblock copolymer samples during cold drawing of films with a constant rate of 1 mm/min. ABA-isolated sample was a pure triblock but ABA-sequential contained a pure central block of w-butyl acrylate of Af = 67,500, and two end gradient blocks containing 13 mol% w-butyl acrylate and 87 mol% methyl methacrylate, with an Af = 10600, and an overall polydispersity = 1.24.

LatGXGS. These materials do not have the strength and color stability to be very useful for this application. In addition, they may cause an allergic reaction. However, a recent terpolymer derived from w-butyl acrylate, MMA, and methyl methacrylamide, can be formulated with colorants to provide a superior latex, compared to earlier materials. 

Si02 Emulsion, 4-vinyl pyridine plus w-butyl acrylate or w-butyl methacrylate 398... 

Fig. 20. Contact mode SFM image of dried composite latex particles of w-butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate on mica. Reprinted in part with permission from Ref. 199. Copyright (1996) American Chemical Society.

Suggest a route, via combination of ATRPand CuAAC reaction, foref cient synthesis of polystyrene-fc-poly(w-butyl acrylate)-methacrylate macromonomer, where each block in the copolymer chain has... 

Scheme 27 Comparison of the product distribution (yields in parenthesis) for the Heck reaction between diiodobenzene and w-butyl acrylate using dendrimer complexed and monomeric catalyst ...

Grafting mer, increases mixing. Poly(w-butyl acrylate). 

Figure 5.10 C( F1)-NMR spectrum of acrylonitrile-w-butyl acrylate copolymer in CDCl3-DMSO-Dg mixture. Reproduced with permission from A.S. Brar and A. Sunita, Polymer, 1993, 34, 3391. 1993, Elsevier...

DPC has in recent years been applied to studies on a range of photopolymers including DF 2000 photopolymer [6], cinnamonyl methacrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer [7], multiethylene glycol dimethacrylate [8], Ebecryl 270 (aliphatic urethane diacrylate [8], 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate and 2-hydroxy-2 methyl phenyl propane-l-one (Darocure 1173) [2], epoxy acrylates [9], epoxy vinyl ether formulations [10], polyarylates, maleimides and vinyl ethers [11], hydroxylated polyimides [12], polystyrene-poly-w-butyl acrylate copolymers [13], and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane-l-phenol adducts [1]. 

St, styrene MMA, methyl methacrylate BA, w-butyl acrylate VAc, vinyl acetate Veova 10, a commercially available comonomer. 

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