Volumetric utilization

High solids circulation rate results in high solids concentration, thus ensuring high volumetric utilization of equipment and increased bed-to-immersed-surface heat transfer. 

Volumetric Utilization and Solids Recycle. Volumetric Utilization. Somewhat at crossed purposes with the effluent quality or effl-ciency of treatment criteria for selecting values of 6c is the other possible treatment objective of maximizing volumetric waste utilization (treatment) rate. 

Reference Q(L/h) Flow rate Q (mg/L) Initial substrate concentration U g/m min) Utilization rate R(g/Lh) Volumetric utilization rate Reactor type f(L/m min) Flux rate A (cm ) Reactor cross-sectional area ff (cm) Reactor height... 

Debottlenecking projects that involve installation of additional equipment provide an opportunity for batch size increases that can lead to substantial throughput increase. More specifically, if the size of the new reactor (R-103) is selected to accommodate the needs of the most demanding vessel procedure (based on volumetric utilization) in a way that shifts the batch size bottleneck to another procedure, then that creates an opportunity for batch size increase. Additional information on debottlenecking and throughput increase options can be found in the literature [140, 141]. 

Zirconium is often deterniined gravimetrically. The most common procedure utilizes mandelic acid (81) which is fairly specific for zirconium plus hafnium. Other precipitants, including nine inorganic and 42 organic reagents, are Hsted in Reference 82. Volumetric procedures for zirconium, which also include hafnium as zirconium, are limited to either EDTA titrations (83) or indirect procedures (84). X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy gives quantitative results for zirconium, without including hafnium, for concentrations from 0.1 to 50% (85). Atomic absorption determines zirconium in aluminum in the presence of hafnium at concentrations of 0.1—3% (86). 

Removal of Oils and Waxes. Two extractions with 5-ml. portions of petroleum ether (30° to 60° C. or 60° to 70° C.) have sufficed to eliminate interfering oils and waxes in suspension. Such extractions are conveniently carried out in the 100-ml. volumetric flask after final dilution and mixing. For the evaluation of color only a small portion of the 100 ml. will be utilized therefore, if necessary, some of this solution can be discarded... 

Titrimetric analysis is sometimes called volumetric analysis because it is characterized by the frequent measurement of solution volume utilizing precision glassware. 

Part—I has three chapters that exclusively deal with General Aspects of pharmaceutical analysis. Chapter 1 focuses on the pharmaceutical chemicals and their respective purity and management. Critical information with regard to description of the finished product, sampling procedures, bioavailability, identification tests, physical constants and miscellaneous characteristics, such as ash values, loss on drying, clarity and color of solution, specific tests, limit tests of metallic and non-metallic impurities, limits of moisture content, volatile and non-volatile matter and lastly residue on ignition have also been dealt with. Each section provides adequate procedural details supported by ample typical examples from the Official Compendia. Chapter 2 embraces the theory and technique of quantitative analysis with specific emphasis on volumetric analysis, volumetric apparatus, their specifications, standardization and utility. It also includes biomedical analytical chemistry, colorimetric assays, theory and assay of biochemicals, such as urea, bilirubin, cholesterol and enzymatic assays, such as alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, salient features of radioimmunoassay and automated methods of chemical analysis. Chapter 3 provides special emphasis on errors in pharmaceutical analysis and their statistical validation. The first aspect is related to errors in pharmaceutical analysis and embodies classification of errors, accuracy, precision and makes... 

The resin supply system should be designed to take advantage of the raw materials in the lowest cost and most effective form. Additives tend to be more expensive than the base resin. Gravimetric rather than volumetric supply of the material is more conducive to minimizing the use of the more expensive feedstock components. The ability of the equipment to utilize reliably 100% of in-plant regrind, additive concentrates, and recycled materials is one of the most important factors to be considered. 

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