Volume expansion, excessive

Albumin 5% and 25% concentrations are available. It takes approximately three to four times as much lactated Ringer s or normal saline solution to yield the same volume expansion as 5% albumin solution. However, albumin is much more costly than crystalloid solutions. The 5% albumin solution is relatively iso-oncotic, whereas 25% albumin is hyperoncotic and tends to pull fluid into the compartment containing the albumin molecules. In general, 5% albumin is used for hypovolemic states. The 25% solution should not be used for acute circulatory insufficiency unless diluted with other fluids or unless it is being used in patients with excess total body water but intravascular depletion, as a means of pulling fluid into the intravascular space. 

The benefit of glucocorticoid therapy is often limited by several adverse reactions, including cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Plasma volume expansion due to sodium retention plays a minor role, but increased peripheral vascular resistance, due in part to an increased pressor response to catecholamines and angiotensin II, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of hypertension induced by glucocorticoid excess. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. 

Intravascular volume expansion is a major pathogenic factor in renal parenchymal hypertension. In these patients, excessive renin secretion relative to volume status and heightened sympathetic nerve activity are observed, and those contribute to hypertension in patients with renal injury. Potential mechanisms include afferent stimuli from the injured kidneys to the brain, reduced central dopaminergic tone, reduced baroreceptor sensitivity, abnormal vagal function and endothelial dysfunction in patients with renal dysfunction [45, 46, 49],... 

Based on the studies of border and film shape in the dodecahedral model Kruglyakov et al. [18] and Kachalova et al. [19] have proposed an expression for foam expansion ratio, using a cylindrical border model with the same cross-sectional radius of curvature. The volume of excess vertex parts was considered in order to estimate the effect of the longitudinal radius of curvature on the border shape... 

Hyponatremia occurs in approximately a third of patients in the first week or two after SAH and is related to the severity of the initial presentation. It is not usually caused by inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion but by salt wasting, in which there is excessive loss of salt and water by the kidneys with a decrease in plasma volume. Below a plasma sodium of approximately 125mmol/l, correction is necessary by plasma volume expansion (Berendes et al. 1997). 

Silica refractories contain more than 93% Si02 and are made from natural quartzites comprising in excess of 96% Si02 which is converted to cristobalite and tridymite on firing while decreasing the density of the material. Besides the residual quartz, cristobalite and tridymite are the main crystalline phases of the product, which, in contrast with the materials described so far, undergoes volume expansion and even increase in porosity on firing. 

Hyponatremia associated with an increase in ECF volume occurs in conditions in which renal sodium and water excretion are impaired. Patients with cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, and nephrotic syndrome have an expanded ECF volume and edema, but a decreased EABV. The decreased EABV results in renal sodium retention, and eventually ECF volume expansion and edema. At the same time, there is nonosmotic release of ADH and retention of water in excess of sodium, thus perpetuating the hyponatremia. 

Excessive sweating and lactation Hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria Phosphate depletion Chronic alcoholism Extracellular fluid volume expansion... 

The polymer is usually electronically insulating, so it is very important to limit the amount of binder used in the electtode in order to avoid excessive particle coating thus limiting electrical connections. Moreover, the polymer should swell to a certain extent in the liquid electrolyte so as to assure lithium ions conductivity inside the electrode. The swelling should be limited to avoid huge volume expansion and not to lose electrical contact between active material particles. 

Hydroxyethyl starch has been widely used as plasma volume expander in bleeding patients. Each product is characterized by its molecular weight, concentration, molar substitution, origin, and solvent [44. Adverse reactions include excessive intravascular volume expansion, metabolic acidosis, anaphylaxis, renal dysfunction, hepatic dysfunction, and coagulopathy [45 ]. It has been suggested that adapting the formulation to the... 

Similarly, it is commonly known that the centerline melting criterion is conservative. The pellet centerline melting may lead to excessive fuel volume expansions or FP gas releases, which may cause pellet cladding interaction (PCI) or excessive... 

As a result of the linear expansion, the reduced volume of the dihydrate, and the evaporation of excess water, the percentage of void spaces in plaster is ca 45%, in stone 15%, and in improved stone 10%. Thus, the additional amount of water required for plaster contributes to the volume but not to the strength of the hardened material (105). 

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