Volume expansivity

Data regarding relief valves, feed and expansion cisterns, etc. are given in Tables 27.11 and 27.12. Cistern sizes shown in Table 27.12 are based on typical system designs and are approximate only. An estimate of the water content of the particular system should always be made where there is any doubt regarding these typical data, to ensure that the cistern capacity is adequate to contain the expansion volume. 

Solvent Polarity index Solubility in water (%, w/w) Density (gmL-i) Viscosity (mN s Expansion volume Boiling point (°C)... 

Coupling HPLC to a mass spectrometer is far more complicated than in a GC system because of the large amount of mobile phase solvent expanding into the system (see Table 1 for expansion volumes). Typical mobile phase flow rates for HPLC are 0.5-2 mL min which translates into gas flow rates of 100-3000 mL min . ... 

Foams for woodland and grass fire-fighting have been developed with low drainage (water loss from foam) and high expansion (volume of foam per volume of starting liquid), two parameters traditionally considered to be inversely proportional. The stabilizing additive is poly (methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride), thought to cross-react with fatty alcohol components of the foam base via the anhydride function. 

The disc holder was machined to fit into the stainless steel flange in such a way that it directs the gas to consecutively sweep both faces of the catalyst disc, with an expansion volume in-between. This configuration provided good gas-phase mixing in the cell, thus allowing the reactor to be characterized as a CSTR. This mode of internal mixing eliminates the need for internal moving parts or external recycle loops and pumps. 

The flow rate is then corrected by a ratio of the weeping time to the cycle time. Next the discharge time constant (RD C) of the capacitor is determined. If this is shorter than formation time, the entire capacitor expansion is added to bubble volume. If not, the same percentage of the capacitor expansion volume is added because the formation time is of the order of the capacitor discharge constant. The final value thus obtained forms the starting point for the next iterative step. This is continued till the values from two successive iterations are nearly the same. 

After IV administration it is enzymatically metabolised by endogenous amylase. The smaller fragments undergo rapid glomerular filtration. The 6% iso-oncotic infusion solution allows precise blood volume control and leads to an effective stabilisation of blood volume, whereas 10% hyperoncotic infusion solution has a greater expansive volume effect. It improves plasma volume for 24 hours or more. 

One of the big unresolved problems in detonation physics is that of the isentropic expansion of detonation products ie, there exists no completely acceptable relationship between expansion volume and pressure. Henry (quoted in Ref 27) assumed that detonation products expand radially with a linear velocity gradient. He also assumed a polytropic EOS with 7 = 3 (T in our notation) and that a cylindrically-loaded steel casing bursts at R/R0 = 1.2. At large R the casing approaches its full Gurney velocity, which... 

It follows from what has been said above that free-volume is a value that is determined by both hole volume and empty volume, the latter being connected with the packing mode. In this case an empty volume ve = vr — vw, where vr is the real (observed) volume at temperature T and vw the volume of the substances as calculated from the Van der Waals dimensions obtained by an X-ray diffraction method or from the gas-kinetic collision cross-section3. Then the expansion volume vex = v - v0, where v0 is the volume occupied by the molecules at 0 K in a close-packed crystalline state. 

This expansion volume is extra free space generated by thermal motion. It must always be smaller than the empty volume. 

Equation (54) represents the ratio of real volume of holes and expansion volume to the total free-volume, as distinct from its usual definition as the ratio of free-volume to total volume, the latter being determined by... 

Indeed, these values appear to be more constant for various polymers than those commonly calculated. Fractions y>fi and corresponding state at glass temperature. From Eqs. (59) it follows that at Tt the ratio of hole volume to expansion volume must be constant, the latter being determined by translational movements of molecules. In particular, these values are present in the equation describing T as a function of degree of polymerization. 

Later Kanig took into account the temperature dependence of the fractional free-volume, calculated according to his equations. Below Tg, as temperature decreases, sPfl increases as a result of a decrease in expansion volume at frozen hole volume. Above Tg, pn increases due to the sharp rise in hole volume. At Te the value ip i is at its minimum. From the condition d [Pg.75]

For flash vaporization injection, the effect of injection speed, choice of solvent, and injector temperature greatly affect the solvent peak width. Injection of a low-boiling solvent at high injector temperatures can cause the entire expansion volume of the liner to be exceeded by the expanded solvent. It must be remembered that 1 pi of liquid solvent injected at 250°C at 10 psig head pressure is converted to some 200-1000 pi of gas. Thus, as the injection volume increases, the injection rate should be adjusted so as not to exceed the expansion volume available in the port liner. Generally, nonpolar solvents perform best in the direct flash mode. The injection rate should follow the following formula [26] ... 

Expansion volume sample + Solvent) - Liner volume Column flow rate... 

From the relation (3.2), and the observed change of volume on melting, we can compute the change of entropy. In Table XVI-2 we give values of volume of the solid per mole (extrapolated from room temperature to the melting point by use of the thermal expansion), volume of the liquid... 

Fig. 7.19 Dependence of the normalized fragment velocity of 16 explosives (Cu cylinder) on the expansion volume. Steady-state at velocity/final Velocity = 1.

Avogadro s number. The ratio Tw/Tm is defined as the packing coefficient fj. The packing coefficients calculated from the Tw and Tm values of simple hydrocarbons are in the range fj = 0.5 to 0.6. The empty space between the single molecules can be attributed to the so-called void volume and expansion volume required for the thermally induced... 

R = ratio of expansion = volume of steam when piston is at outer end of stroke volume of steam at point of cutoff. 

Border zone = expansion volume after pressure release... 

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