Voltage factor

A supply system would normally contain certain harmonic quantities, as di.scussed in Section 23.5.2. The influence of such quantities on an induction motor is also discussed in Chapter 23. To maintain a near-sinusoidal voltage waveform, it is essential that the harmonic voltage factor (HVF) of the supply voltage be contained within 0.02 for all 1-0 and 3-0 motors, other than design /V motors and within 0.03 for design N motors, where... 

HVF = harmonic voltage factor Vj, = per unit harmonic voltages n = harmonic order not divisible by 3... 

Sr. no. Rated voltage factor Rated lime Method of. system grounding Method of prinuuy connections... 

The rated voltage factor and the corresponding rated time Not applicable Depends upon the system grounding. Refer to Table 15.4 Depends upon the system fault conditions and generally as 1.9 Table 15.4... 

Read across table and add voltage factor to convert from one reference electrode or couple to another. All data taken from Reference 4. 

Figure 6 shows the quantum yield Q(Q= jphlQPo), plotted for several combinations of surface recombination velocities, charge transfer rate, and the voltage factor/. Material parameters are those of crystalline Si. With the assumptions made, one sees that the quantum yield shows the typical S-shape behavior of samples that exhibit surface recombination and a relatively steep increase of Q is noted for more anodic potentials. Saturation is reached, depending on the respective parameters, at an applied voltages ranging between -fO.5 V and close to 1 V positive of the flatband situation (F = 0). 

From an electrochemical viewpoint, stable pit growtli is maintained as long as tire local environment witliin tire pit keeps tire pit under active conditions. Thus, tire effective potential at tire pit base must be less anodic tlian tire passivation potential (U ) of tire metal in tire pit electrolyte. This may require tire presence of voltage-drop (IR-drop) elements. In tliis respect the most important factor appears to be tire fonnation of a salt film at tire pit base. (The salt film fonns because tire solubility limit of e.g. FeCl2 is exceeded in tire vicinity of tire dissolving surface in tlie highly Cl -concentrated electrolyte.)... 

Under suitable conditions of pressure and other factors, application of a suitable voltage between electrodes immersed in a gas causes a discharge of electric current through the gas. Different... 

Amplifier bandwidth. The range of signal frequencies over which an amplifier is capable of undistorted or unattenuated transmission. An operational amplifier should transmit DC voltage accurately the upper (bandwidth) limit is defined as the 3-dB point (attenuation factor of two). Because bandwidth can vary with gain, the product of gain x bandwidth can be a more useful parameter. 

Electrical Properties. CeUular polymers have two important electrical appHcations (22). One takes advantage of the combination of inherent toughness and moisture resistance of polymers along with the decreased dielectric constant and dissipation factor of the foamed state to use ceUular polymers as electrical-wire insulation (97). The other combines the low dissipation factor and the rigidity of plastic foams in the constmction of radar domes. Polyurethane foams have been used as high voltage electrical insulation (213). 

Power Supplies and Controls. Induction heating furnace loads rarely can be connected directiy to the user s electric power distribution system. If the load is to operate at the supply frequency, a transformer is used to provide the proper load voltage as weU as isolation from the supply system. Adjustment of the load voltage can be achieved by means of a tapped transformer or by use of a solid-state switch. The low power factor of an induction load can be corrected by installing a capacitor bank in the primary or secondary circuit. 

Fig. 10. Power factor at 1 MHz vs temperature for some commercial glasses. Courtesy of Corning Inc. The power factor is the ratio of the power ia watts dissipated ia a material to the product of the effective siausoidal voltage and current ia volt-amperes. When the dissipation factor is less than 0.1, the power...

The photogenerated current is in the same direction as /, but is always less than because the battier potential under load conditions is always less than F, which results in a larger flow of majority carriers than that in a short-circuited cell. Thus, when a solar cell is under load, the current and voltage are always less than and lU, respectively this condition is the curve-factor loss. Depending on the characteristics of the particularp—n junction and on the cell operating conditions, there is an optimal load resistance that maximizes the power output of the cell, ie, the product of its current and voltage. 

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