Volatilization tests

The entire trunk of the animal is covered with an impervious material (such as Saran Wrap) for a 24-h period of exposure. The Saran Wrap is secured by wrapping several long strips of athletic adhesive tape around the trunk of the animal. The impervious material aids in maintaining the position of the patches and retards evaporation of volatile test substances. 

Vivaeite, Determination de la. Fr for Quickness of Burning of Propellants, Determination Volatility of Explosives and Related Substances may be expressed by the loss of wt per unit of its exposed surface at a given temp and In unit time. Two of the volatility tests used in the US are 100° Heat Test(qv) and 75° International Textfqv)... 

R.Colson, HP 30, 55(1948) describes a French volatility test conducted by leaving a weighed sample in a container of a known surface in dry air at atm press and at a de sited temp(such as 60°) for several hours or days and then teweighing. The loss of wt in milligrams pet square decimeter and per one hour is known as volatiltte... 

Volatile test media are used up to a maximum temperature of 60 °C. It is a precondition for substitution testing that the material or article should withstand the test conditions applied with simulants D. Immerse a test specimen in olive oil in the appropriate conditions. If the physical properties are changed (e.g. melting or deformation), the material is considered to be unsuitable for use at that temperature. If the physical properties are not changed, carry out substitution tests using new specimens. 

Experiments were also carried to determine the recovery of known amounts of tomato compounds added to samples of macerated tomato that had been previously heated to boiling and which contained very little of the fresh volatiles tested. The recovery obtained from the macerated tomato relative to the internal standards was (within oa. +10t) the same as that obtained for water solutions. 

The sad experience with the conditions at IBT, where multiple studies were run simultaneously in the same room with the concomitant problems of mix-ups of animals and treatment cross-contamination by volatile test substances, have resulted in the requirement of sufficient space to assure the isolation of test systems . Through a sufficient number of rooms or at least sufficiently separable areas, it should become possible to avoid any crosscontaminations or mix-ups of projects, tests or treatments. Also the positioning of test systems used in field studies requires an appropriate degree of separation, as it is specified in the GLP Principles ( Test systems used in field studies should be located so as to avoid interference in the study from spray drift and from past usage of pesticides . In the same sense, isolation of individual projects in aquatic toxicity testing should be applied to the extent necessary, to prevent cross-contamination through spray, mist or overflow. 

However, before any volatility tests are carried out it, all water must be removed because the presence of more then 0.5% water in test samples of crude can cause several problems during distillation procedures. Water has a high heat of vaporization, necessitating the application of additional thermal energy to the distillation flask. Water is relatively easily superheated, and therefore excessive bumping can occur, leading to erroneous... 

The test for evaporation (ASTM D-972) gives a measure of oil volatility under controlled conditions and is used frequently for specification purposes. However, because volatility of oil from a rubber compound may be influenced by its compatibility with the rubber, a volatility test of the compound often is made under laboratory test conditions pertinent to the intended service. 

In a pair of papers, Selby et al. (Savant, Inc. and Astaris LLC) describe using phosphorus as an indicator of volatility of engine oils. Phosphorus is volatilized during Noack volatility test (ASTM D 5800). The volatile material is trapped and analyzed for total phosphorus using ICP-AES, and for phosphorus species using P NMR spectroscopy. 

Association of Phosphorus Emission with Oil Consumption and Volatility—Oil consumption caused by oil volatility has always been a concern for automotive engineers because of the associated deposits often formed on piston rings, combustion chambers, and valves. Concern that oil volatility could cause phosphorus in the exhaust stream adds to the desire to reduce oil volatility. Consequently, progressively lower formulated engine oil volatility (as measured by the classic Noack volatility test [9-12]) was required for oils meeting API and ILSAC GF-2 (22 % loss) and GF-3 (15 % loss) specifications. 

Selby-Noack Volatility Test—The toxic nature of the Woods Metal used for heat transfer in the classic Noack volatility test [9-12] led to the development of a new approach [13-17]. This approach, while retaining all Noack test conditions, was designed to heat the test oil safely using noble metal resistive heating and to collect 99-i- % of all the material volatilized. Figures la and b show a picture of the special Noack instrument and a sketch of the arrangement of the essential components, respectively. 

The Noack volatility test determines percent loss of volatile material from 65 grams of the test oil when exposed to a small vacuum of 20 mm water at 250°C for one hour. 

Reichenbach, E., et al., A New Approach to the Noack Volatility Test, Proceedings of Ninth International Colloquium, Esslingen, Germany, 1994 Tribotest Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, Leaf Coppin Publishing, September 1994, pp. 3-29. 

Selby, T. W., et al., Base Oil Characterization Techniques Using a New Approach to the Noack Volatility Test, ACS Symposium on "The Processing, Characterization, and Application of Lubricant Base Oils Part II, San Diego, CA, March 1994. 

Sample preparation, 33 Selby-Noack volatility test, 255 Selenate, 42 Selenite, 42 Selenium, 42 Selenocyanate, 42 Speciation, 181 Spray chamber, 17, 51 Sulfur, 108, 116, 128, 164, 221 analysis, 85 ultralow, in diesels, 85 Sulfur chemiluminescence detection, 164 Sulfur/nitrogen chemiluminescence, 232... 

Sansone, E.B. A.M. Losikoff, Contamination from Feeding Volatile Test Chemicals, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 703-708 (1978). ... 

Figure 11. Simulated steam atmosphere system for viscous glass volatilization test.

FIGURE 7 Generic solvent-exchange method, direct injection GC/FID. From bottom to top blank injection and GC volatiles test solution. Peaks I, methanol 2, n-pentane 3, ethanol 4, acetone 5 isopropyl alcohol 6, acetonitrile 7, methyl acetate 8, methylene chloride 9 methyl tertiary butyl ether 10, n-hexane 11, propanol 12, methyl ethyl ketone 13, ethyl acetate 14, sec-butanol 15, tetrahydrofuran 16, cyclohexane 17, hexamethyidisiloxane 18, benzene 19, n-heptane 20, butyl alcohol 21, 1,4-dioxane 22, methyl isobutyl ketone 23, pyridine 24, toluene 25, isobutyl acetate 26, n-butyl acetate 27, p-xylene 28, dimethylacetamide 29, solvent impurities. 

The raw mix for the production of cement elinker comprises calcareous and siliceous materials. They are characterized by techniques such as DTA, XRD, chemical analysis, volatility test, bumability test, TG, etc. 

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