Volatile global emissions

Little snlfnr is re-emitted from wetlands into the atmosphere. Table 8.7 gives estimates of global emissions of volatile sulfur compounds from different sources. Total emissions are in the range 98 to 120 Tg (S) year 75 % is anthropogenic, mainly from fossil fnel combustion in the northern hemisphere. The main natural sources are the oceans and volcanoes. Wetlands and soils contribnte less than 3 % of the total emission. 

Because dichloromethane is highly volatile, most environmental releases are into the atmosphere. It is released to the atmosphere during its production, storage and transport, but most (more than 99%) of the atmospheric releases result from industrial and consumer uses. Estimates of annual global emissions of 500 thousand tonnes have been reported for dichloromethane. It has been estimated that 85% of the total amount of dichloromethane produced in the United States is released to the environment, mostly to the atmosphere. Industrial dichloromethane emissions to the atmosphere in the United States fell from about 58 thousand tonnes in 1988 to approximately 25 thousand tonnes in 1995 (United States National Library of Medicine, 1997a). The total emission into the air in western Europe was estimated to be 173 thousand tonnes for 1989 and... 

Warneke, C., Karl, T., Judmaier, H. et al. (1999) Acetone, methanol, and other partially oxidized volatile organic emissions from dead plant matter by abiological processed significance for Atmospheric HO chemistry. Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 13, 9. 

J. Llusia et al. Measurement of volatile terpene emissions in 70 dominant vascular plant species in Hawaii Aliens emit more than natives. Global Ecol Biogeogr, 19, 863, 2010. 

Ammonia volatilization from fertilizers is a function of the type of fertilizer, soil conditions, meteorological conditions-temperature, wind speed, precipita-tion-and fertilizer management. Table 8.6 shows the global use of nitrogenous fertilizers and the corresponding NH3 emissions based on empirical emission factors for different fertilizer types in temperate and tropical conditions (Bouwman... 

Fehsenfeld, F., J. G. Calvert, R. Fall, P. Goldan, A. B. Guenther, C. N. Hewitt, B. Lamb, S. Liu, M. Trainer, H. Westberg, and P. Zimmerman, Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Vegetation and the Implications for Atmospheric Chemistry, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 6, 389-430 (1992). 

Generally, catalysts are called into action to eliminate emissions from mobile (cars) and stationary (industry) sources, to take part in liquid and solid waste treatment, and contribute to the effort to reduce volatile organic compounds and gases that pose major environmental problems such as photochemical smog and (at a global level) the greenhouse effect. 

During biomass and fuel burning, a complex mixture of ill-characterized volatile organic matter are released into the atmosphere (Andreae and Merlet, 2001). It contributes to the formation of aerosols and fine particles of sizes up to 100 pm. After an estimated lifetime of 7.9 days (Cook and Wilson, 1996), they are either degraded or are removed from the atmosphere by precipitation. However, they can be transported a considerable distance. For example, boreal forest fires contribute substantially to atmospheric BC in the Arctic (Cook and Wilson, 1996), and Antarctica receives BC from biomass burning in the tropics (Wolff and Cachier, 1998). On a global scale the amount of atmospheric emission is estimated with 5-6Tg BC yr 1,... 

---