Pharmaceutical industry vitamin

The pharmaceutical industry employs ozone in organic reactions to produce peroxides as germicides in skin lotions, for the oxidation of intermediates for bacteriostats, and in the synthesis of steroids (qv) such as cortisone (see Disinfectants and antiseptics). Vitamin E can be prepared by ozonation of trimethyUiydroquinone. 

Linalool is one of the most widely used fragrant substances in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry (as a composite of many cosmetics and perfumes and as an intermediate in synthesis of vitamins (A, E)) (1). But natural resources can t supply the growing needs, so the necessity in synthetic LN has been increasing. Therefore the reaction of selective catalytic hydrogenation of DHL to LN is one of the most significant reactions in the chemistry of fragrant substances (2), and the main problem of this research is the development of modern catalytic technology for preparation of linalool. 

Reversed-phase chromatography is the most popular mode for the separation of low molecular weight (<3000), neutral species that are soluble in water or other polar solvents. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for separation of species such as steroids, vitamins, and /3-blockers. It is also used in other areas for example, in clinical laboratories for analysis of catecholamines, in the chemical industry for analysis of polymer additives, in the environmental arena for analysis of pesticides and herbicides, and in the food and beverage industry for analysis of carbohydrates, sweeteners, and food additives. 

Plants represent a very important role in human nutrition, due to the large quantities of proteins, carbon hydrates, lipids, vitamins, antioxidants and mineral salts that its can supply. Sometimes the nutritional aspect can be associated with the flavour and fragrance of the extracts producing a high value products. In recent years one can observe an increase in research for natural sources, in particular from plant matrices, of additives with application in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. 

There are many examples in the literature for applications of LC-NMR in the pharmaceutical industry. In the area of natural products, LC-NMR has been applied to screen plant constituents from crude extracts [54,57,67,68] and to analyze plant and marine alkaloids [69-72], flavonoids [73], sesquiterpene lactones [74,75], saponins [58,76], vitamin E homologues [77], and antifungal and bacterial constituents [56,78,79] as examples. In the field of drug metabolism, LC-NMR has been extensively applied for the identihcation of metabolites [42, 80-88] and even polar [89] or unstable metabolites [43]. And hnally, LC-NMR has been used for areas such degradation products [90-93], drug impurities [94-102], drug discovery [103,104], and food analysis [105-107]. 

Benzimidazoles are privileged structural units not only in the pharmaceutical industry but also in several other fields such as agricultural, electronic, and polymer chemistry [1,2]. Specifically this nucleus is a constituent of vitamin-Bi2. This ring system is present in numerous antioxidant [3], antiparasitic [4], antihelmintics [5], antiproliferative [6], anti-HIV [7], anticonvulsant [8], anti-inflammatory [9], antihypertensive [10], antineoplastic [11] and antitrichinellosis [12] activities. Owing to the immense importance of benzimidazoles, efforts have been made from time to time to generate various derivatives of these compounds. 

Inorganic membranes have been mentioned in other usage in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. For example, ziiconia and alumina-based ceramic membranes have been incorporated in the following operations [Cueille and Ferreira, 1989] purification and concentration of antibiotics, vitamins, amino-acids, organic acids, enzymes, biopolymers and biopeptides for the fermentation steps in the more conventional applications human blood derivatives, vaccines, recombinant proteins, cells culture and monoclonal antibiotics in newer applications and pyrogen lemoval for ultrapure water. 

The common name vitamin D is used throughout the pharmaceutical industry for simpHcity. The trivial name calciferol has also been used extensively with the prefix ergo- and chole-, which indicate vitamin D2 (2) and vitamin (4), respectively (see Steroids). Vitamin D2 was originally named calciferol in 1931 by Angus and co-workers (2). Historically, a number of substances were referred to as vitamin D and were distinguished from one another by a subscript numeral, eg, vitamin D2, vitamin D, etc. 

Liposomes have been used by the pharmaceutical industry to deliver a range of drugs. Liposomes are made of phospholipid bilayers with one of more aqueous compartments depending on whether they are unilamellar, multilamellar, or multivesicular vehicles. Because of the bilayer structures they can adopt, they are versatile vehicles as carriers of water-soluble, oil-soluble as well as amphiphilic components. Hence, they can be used to encapsulate a wide range of food components including flavors, oils, amino acids, vitamins, minerals antimicrobials, and enzymes. Their potential applications in the food industry have been discussed by Mozafari et al. (2008)). Examples of the potential applications of liposomes in food include the delivery of cheese ripening enzymes and natural antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E). 

The combination of methods illustrates the eclecticism of the pharmaceutical industry. The use of fermentation in the production of vitamin C and cortisone was mentioned above. In the production of the semi-synthetic penicillins, penicillin G or V is first made by fermentation. It is then cleaved to 6-aminopenicillanic acid by an immobilized enzyme, and a new side chain is added by chemical means. 

Supercritical fluid extraction has been applied to plants and food samples with different objectives. Regarding plants, it has been applied for the extraction of active compounds used in the elaboration of pharmaceutical preparations or for the extraction of essential oils, widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as well. In the former case, SFE has been used as a suitable tool for the monitoring of dosage levels of drugs administrated to animals through their feeds and also for the extraction of active compounds from food, thus allowing characterization of some properties of the food such as the vitamin content. 

Bioconversion of high value products such as vitamins, organic, and amino acids has been most successfully exploited by the pharmaceutical industry. The use of citrus wastes as a substrate for fermentation of these types of products has recently received attention. Successful application depends on removal of nonspecific inhibitory agents from the peel, press residue, and distillation residue by ion exchange or by physical separation. 

In fact, the aforementioned study is generally against vitamin supplements per se, with the possible exception of vitamins B12 and D (Campbell, 2005, pp. 94, 95, 215, 228, 229, 242, 269, 270, 288). Vitamins A, C, and E are also given short shrift. It is emphasized that the nutritional supplement industry, as well as the pharmaceutical industry, makes huge profits. Thus, natural foods are considered the ultimate source of vitamins and minerals. 

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