Visual area

Wilson, M.A., and Molliver, M.E. Serotonin iimervation in visual areas of cerebral cortex in macaque monkeys Laminar distribution of tine and beaded axons. Abstr Soc Neurosci 15 5686, in press. 

The resultant products are slightly viscous, optically transparent (in visual area of the spectra) liquids soluble in ordinary organic solvents (benzene, toluene, acetone, etc.) and practically insoluble in water. The composition and structure of the obtained diallylsilazanes were confirmed based on the data of elemental and IR spectral analysis [6, 7] The maximums of the absorption, related to Si-NH-Si and Si-O-Si, Si-O-C groups (915-925 cm 1, 990-1000 cm 1 and 1060-1080 cm 1), also the maximums of the absorption, related to Si-CH3, CH2=CH, Si-CgHs and benzene ring (1250 cm 1,1430 cm"1,1445 cm"1,1620-1630 cm 1, 1600-1605 cm 1 correspondingly) were found in the IR spectra [6],... 

Vilayanur S. Ramachandran has suggested that some laws of aesthetics have been hardwired into the visual areas of our brains to defeat camouflage and discover hidden objects. According to Ramachandran, universal laws of aesthetics cut across not only cultural boundaries, but species boundaries as well. For example, we find peacocks and giant... 

All six subjects responded to this condition with an expanded awareness of the world similar to the experiences described by Huxley in The Doors of Perception (1954). With the exception of the fifth hypnotic subject, all became and remained exuberantly happy. All but the simulator seemed to have experiences similar to what has been described under the rubric of "psychedelic experience." All the hypnotic subjects reported sensory enhancement, most marked in the visual area, but cutting across all sense modalities. The hypnotic subjects were also, as a group, impressed with the order inherent in the world about them, which three of them imbued with religious significance. 

Human color perception correlates with integrated reflectance (McCann et al. 1976). Other experiments have shown that the human visual system does not actually estimate the reflectance of objects (Helson 1938). What is known about the visual system is that color processing is done in an area denoted as V4 (visual area no. 4). In V4, cells have been found that respond to different colors irrespective of the type of illuminant (Zeki... 

Figure 2.14 Position of the visual areas VI, V2, V3, V4 and V5. The image in (a) shows the medial side of the left hemisphere of the brain. Color processing is done in V4, and motion is processed in V5. (Reproduced from S. Zeki. An Exploration of Art and the Brain. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999 by permission of S. Zeki, University College London, UK.)...

Two main subdivisions of the temporal neocortex were investigated—the visual area IT and the auditory area STG. We did not observe important differences between IT and STG with regard to the distribution and phenotype of BrdU+ cells, and therefore these regions are presented in a common section. 

Fig. 19 Simulated copper corrosion in paper. Wetting (left) and fluorescence labeling (right) to visualize areas of pronounced oxidative damage...

Thus, there appear to be alterations in both gray and white matter in low-level visual areas in schizophrenia and in two studies that examined the relationships with visual pathway function, anatomical deficits were related to magnocellular dysfunction (Butler et al., 2005 Martinez et al., 2008). 

List of Abbreviations SI, primary somatosensory cortex SII, second somatosensory area PV, parietal ventral area SA, slowly adapting RA, rapidly adapting PC, pacinian VPL, ventral posterior lateral VPI, ventroposterior inferior CCD, charge coupled device VI, primary visual cortex V2, second visual area V4, fourth visual area IT, inferotemporal cortex... 

FeUeman DJ, Xiao Y, McClendon E. 1997. Modular organization of occipito-temporal pathways Cortical connections between visual area 4 and visual area 2 and posterior inferotemporal ventral area in macaque monkeys. J Neurosci 17(9) 3185-3200. 

Apart from the medial limb of the U-shaped subnucleus, the medial nucleus at this level consists of a dorsally directed tail that extends into the white matter of the posterior lobe vermis. It receives Purkinje cell axons from the vermal visual area of lobule VII (Voogd, 1964 Courville and Diakew, 1976). It constitutes one of the targets of the collateral projection from the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (Gerrits and Voogd,... 

Fig. 179. Diagram of lamellar and zonal distribution of olivary afferents and efferents in the rat. The two lamellae (folds) of the dorsal accessory olive (DAO, 1 and 2) and the horizontal lamella of the medial accessory olive (MAO, 3) appear to receive afferents mainly from the spinal cord and dorsal column nuclei while projecting to anterior vermis and parts of intermediate cerebellum. The medial MAO (vertical lamella, 4) receives afferents from the vestibular and visual areas and projects to the posterior vermis as well as the flocculus. The rostral lamella of MAO and both lamellae of the principal olive (PO) receive projections from higher centers and send fibers to the lateral hemispheres. In the lower part of the figure, three drawings of the inferior olive demonstrate the lamellae corresponding to their sagittal zones of projection in the cerebellum. Azizi and Woodward (1987).

According to Hoddevik et al. (1976) the main projection to lobule VII in the cat takes its origin from the rostromedial portion of the caudal MAO. This region receives afferents from the eontralateral superior eolliculus (Weber et al., 1978 Saint Cyr and Courville, 1982) and projeets in a topical manner to the lobules VI and VII, with the rostral superior colliculus being loeated in the medial part of these lobules and the caudal colliculus more laterally (Kyuhou and Matsuzaki, 1991a,b). An equivalent projection to lobule VII (the vermal visual area) was traced in macaque monkeys from the medial, Z-shaped portion of subnucleus b of the caudal MAO (Frankfurter et al., 1977 Brodal and Brodal, 1981 Yamada and Noda, 1987 Ikeda et al., 1989). 

The paramedian pontine reticular formation of the cat projects bilaterally to lobule VII and the caudal part of lobule VI and to the ansiform lobule, i.e. to the visual areas of the cerebellum involved in control of saccades (Gerrits and Voogd, 1986 Yamada and Noda, 1987). Fibers of the reticular nucleus of the pons distribute bilaterally, with ipsilateral predominance, to all lobules of the cerebellum, with the exception of the lobules I and X and the dorsal paraflocculus (Kawamura and Hashikawa, 1981 Gerrits and Voogd, 1986). This projection includes the flocculus and the adjacent part of the ventral paraflocculus (Fig. 203) (Gerrits and Voogd, 1989) and collateral projections to the cerebellar nuclei (see Section 5.6.). 

Hoddevik GH, Brodal A, Walberg F (1976) The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. 111. The projection to the vermal visual area,... 

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