Universal laws

As to the effec t of time, there is no universal law that governs the reaction for all metals. Some corrosion rates remain constant with time over wide ranges, others slow down with time, and some alloys have increased corrosion rates with respect to time. Situations in which the corrosion rate follows a combination of these paths can develop. Therefore, extrapolation of corrosion data and corrosion rates should be done with utmost caution. 

The interpretation of the factors mentioned above in the context of palaeodietary research is not straightforward a lack of nitrogen isotope data in relevant plant species makes the situation even more complicated. The observed variability in plants, even within ecosystems, is so extensive and so unpredictable that modelling of the behaviour of natural nitrogen abundances in plants is fraught with difficulties because there are no simple, universal laws governing the site-specific details of the N cycle, there will be no simple, universal laws of 8 N (in plants) (Handley and Raven 1992 Handley and Scrimgeour 1996). 

Where the Reynolds stress formula (2) and the universal law of the theory of isotropic turbulence apply to the turbulent velocity fluctuations (4), the relationship (20) for the description of the maximum energy dissipation can be derived from the correlation of the particle diameter (see Fig. 9). It includes the geometrical function F and thus provides a detailed description of the stirrer geometry in the investigated range of impeller and reactor geometry 0.225derived from many turbulence measurements, correlation (9). 

Allison, J. and Lemley, M. 2002. The growing complexity of the United States patenting system. Boston University Law Review 82(1), 77-144. 

Honor thy father and thy mother. Geburah Respect all beings as manifestations of the Divine, fundamentally related to one another by the universal law of interdependence. 

Most important, however, was the discovery by Simha et al. [152, 153], de Gennes [4] and des Cloizeaux [154] that the overlap concentration is a suitable parameter for the formulation of universal laws by which semi-dilute solutions can be described. Semi-dilute solutions have already many similarities to polymers in the melt. Their understanding has to be considered as the first essential step for an interpretation of materials properties in terms of molecular parameters. Here now the necessity of the dilute solution properties becomes evident. These molecular solution parameters are not universal, but they allow a definition of the overlap concentration, and with this a universal picture of behavior can be designed. This approach was very successful in the field of linear macromolecules. The following outline will demonstrate the utility of this approach also for branched polymers in the semi-dilute regime. 

This behaviour is one example of a wide range of phenomena which are manifestations of Jonscher s Universal Law of Dielectric Response (Jonscher, 1977, 1983). 

McClurg, Andrew J. The Rhetoric of Gun Control. American University Law Review, vol. 42, Fall 1992, n.p. Discusses the use (and abuse) of rhetorical techniques in the gun control debate, including fallacies in reasoning, emotional appeals, and disreputable argument techniques such as ad hominem, straw man, and slippery slope. ... 

Arrow, Paul S. Kelley v. R.G. Industries California Caught in the Crossfire. Southwestern University Law Review, vol. 17, 1988, n.p. Argues that the court in the Kelley case should not have required that the gun in question have an actual defect in its design before determining whether it posed an excessive or unreasonable risk. 

Vilayanur S. Ramachandran has suggested that some laws of aesthetics have been hardwired into the visual areas of our brains to defeat camouflage and discover hidden objects. According to Ramachandran, universal laws of aesthetics cut across not only cultural boundaries, but species boundaries as well. For example, we find peacocks and giant... 

The proportionality constant is unity because the numerical coefficients in Eqs. (220) and (223), which can be obtained on the basis of exact solutions, lead to such a value. As for the velocity u0, the following considerations can be used to relate this quantity to xjp. The universal law of velocity distribution near the solid surface has the form... 

Green, Michael D. 1992. Expert Witnesses and Sufficiency of Evidence in Toxic Substance Litigation—The Legacy of Agent Orange and Bendectin Litigation. Northwestern University Law Review 86(3) 643-99. 

I am never to act otherwise than so that I could also will that my maxim should become universal law. 

Scientific theories themselves can be distinguished as deductive or inductive in nature, according to the underlying character of their premises. In a deductive theory, the fundamental premises are axioms or postulates that are neither questionable nor explainable within the theory itself. Outstanding examples of deductive theories include Euclidean geometry (based on Euclid s five axioms) and quantum mechanics (based on Schrodinger s prescription for converting classical trajectory equations into wave equations). An inductive theory, on the other hand, is based on universal laws of experience that express what has always been found to be true in the past, and may therefore be reasonably expected to hold in the future. Thermodynamics is the pre-eminent example of an inductive theory. 

EDITH BROWN WEISS, Georgetown University Law Center... 

The cooling law adopted actually does lead to universal laws for the variation of the constants and hence guarantees that the trend of the reaction will be similar in explosions with equal fcm[NO]r. Last but not least, the law of cooling (9.6) is in excellent agreement with the experimental data on the cooling of the explosion products over the wide range 1500-4000°K it was proposed as an empirical law by Bone [4] and later confirmed by Sadovnikov [6],... 

Finally, even more detailed studies can be done on the nature of particular discrete states and the structures/subsystems comprising them. This sort of investigation should come at a late stage to avoid premature reductionism we must not repeat psychology s early mistake of trying to find the universal Laws of the Mind before we have good empirical maps of the territory. 

It must emphasize the fact that, in the problem under consideration, C k (x) vanishes when x —> oo, and in the absence of any cut - off, would become infinite on the surface moreover the chains are assumed to be very long. This is the reason why it is impossible to introduce any physically meaningful correlation length in the problem the consequence of this fact is that equation (3.9) is only universal law that can be written in the present situation. 

In the third quarter, we plan to offer a course which includes the presentation of expert witness testimony in a mock court of law with the assistance of the Northeastern University Law School. Practice trial sessions with student attorneys are envisioned. The course on arson and explosives will deal with detection of related crimes, and biometrics in the fifth quarter will cover concepts of statistics important in forensic chemistry. 

Investigation of viscoelastic behaviour of linear polymer solutions and melts shows that there are universal laws for dependencies of the terminal characteristics on the length of macromolecules, which allows to interpret these phenomena on the base of behaviour of a single macromolecule in the system of entangled macromolecules (Ferry 1980, Doi and Edwards 1986). The validity of the mesoscopic approach itself rests essentially on the fundamental experimental fact that quantities that characterise the behaviour of a polymer system have a well-defined unambiguous dependence on the length of the macromolecule. 

Exercise 1.2 ... and the sea does not fill up continues Ecclesiastes. The ancient observer raises a fundamental research problem—he draws attention to what seems to be a violation of a universal law, which he must have known. Which law is it ... 

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