Viscosity solids

The finished product is checked for viscosity, solids content, pH value (which must be in the range of 7.3-7.5) and of its reactivity with a standard hardener. 

Figure 15. Time constants of the a- and p-processes of several glass formers, as determined by dielectric spectroscopy (DS), light scattering (LS), photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), NMR, Kerr effect (KE), neutron scattering (NS), and viscosity o-Terphenyl (OTP, type A) NMR (crosses, [177-179]), DS (filled squares [151]), KE (unfilled circles [66]), viscosity (solid line [164]). m-Tricresyl phosphate (m-TCP, type A) NMR (crosses [15]), LS (unfilled squares [181]), DS (circles [180]) and viscosity (line [182]). m-Fluoroaniline (FAN, type B) DS (stars [153]). 2-Picoline (PIC, type A) LS (unfilled circles [183]), NS (filled triangles [184]), PCS (unfilled squares [65], DS (filled diamonds, [181]). Toluene (type B) NMR (+ [11]), DS (filled squares [153]) and LS (filled circles [185]).

Resin Preparation. All phenolic resins were prepared in the laboratory. Resin preparations were replicated one time. To prepare each resin, all phenol and water were placed in a reaction kettle. The formaldehyde was added in three steps 1) total formaldehyde less 1 mole of formaldehyde was added at the beginning 2) the balance was divided into two equal parts (i.e., 0.5 mole each), one of which was added 1 hour after the reaction began and 3) the remainder of formaldehyde was added 20 minutes later. The sodium hydroxide was added as catalyst in four steps (i.e., four equal parts at 10-minute intervals). To initiate the reaction, the mixture was heated and maintained at 75 °C. All reactions were terminated at the end of 100 minutes. Gel time, pH, viscosity, solid content, and specific gravity were determined. The general conditions for resin preparation were ... 

CH20/Phenol Ratio pH Viscosity Solids Content Specific Gravity Gel Time... 

As expected, the gel time decreased consistently as formaldehyde/phenol ratio increased to 3.0/1 thereafter, further increase in formaldehyde/phenol ratio had little effect on the gel time. The effects of formaldehyde/phenol ratio on pH, viscosity, solid content, and specific gravity were not significant. 

Molar Ratios of Sodium Hydroxide/Phenol. Table II summarizes the effect of varying molar ratios of NaOH/phenol on pH, viscosity, solid content, specific gravity, gel time, and molecular weight of the resins. The GPC chromatograms of the phenolic resins reacted at different NaOH/phenol ratios are given in Figure 4. 

The types of sedimentation encountered in process technology will be greatly affected not only by the obvious factors—particle size, liquid viscosity, solid and solution densities—but also by the characteristics of the particles within the slurry. These properties, as well as the process requirements, will help determine both the type of equipment which will achieve the desired ends most effectively and the testing methods to be used to select the equipment. 

Appearance Opaque tan solid Solubility Dispersible (Hot) pH, 1% solution 4.0-5.0 Ionic nature Si. Cationic Odor None Viscosity Solid Specific Gravity . 90-.93 (75C)... 

Fig.4 Concentration dependence of the ratio of relaxatitm time (markers) and the ratio of viscosity (solid curves).

Fig.4 (right) Plots of Dp (circles) and Dr (squares) for benzophenone in various solvents against viscosity. Solid line represents DsE ... 

Fig. 18. Comparison between the rate of the collagen — gelatin transition for soluble calfskin collagen at 35.9 C, measured as the fractional change in specific viscosity (solid line) and specific rotation (dotted line). (From Doty and Nishihara, 1958.)...

Diffusivity or viscosity Solid-liquid interfacial tension Water/solvent activity Boiling/melting point Solute activity (concentration)... 

While all pyrolysis oil production reactor systems produce similar materials, each reactor produces a unique compound slate. The first decision, especially for a potential chemical or fuel producer, rather than a reactor developer, is to determine what products to make and which reactor system to use. The operating parameters of any reactor system designed to produce pyrolysis oil, especially temperature, can be altered to change the pyrolysis oil product composition and yield. Different feedstocks will produce different pyrolysis oil compositions and by-products, e.g. amorphous silica from rice hulls or rice straw, fatty acids from pine. Finally, feedstock pretreatment and/or catalysis, or reactor-bed catalysis can be used to improve specific product yields (7). Reactor system developers need to examine what they can produce and make this information available to chemical manufacturers and suppliers/owners of biomass feedstocks. This assumes that analysis of die entire liquid product from thermal conversion can be made, including quantitative analysis for any compounds that are being considered for recoveiy. Physical characterization - pH, viscosity, solids content, etc.is also needed. However, what can be produced is of no value, if it cannot be recovered or used economically. This involves examining the trade-offs between yield and current commercial value, recovery costs, and potential commercial value,... 

Fluids flow, in amount determined by coefficient of viscosity Solids do not flow but show rigidity and mechanical strength... 

Critical parameters Viscosity Solid content Droplet diameter Diffusion rate of particles, tp Vapour pressure Temperature Evaporation rate, tE... 

In a later study, Nasr-El-Din et al. (47) examined wall sampling from a vertical slurry pipeline. The effects of particle size, fluid viscosity, solids concentration, and sampling velocity ratio on the sampling efficiency were studied in detail. They developed the following semi-em-pirical correlation to predict the sampling efficiency at sampling velocity ratios > 3 ... 

Figure 7.2. Concentration dependence of emulsion viscosity. Solid line represents T] = Tlj(( 2) while the other lines the same dependence for T = T 2 nr(( i)- To calculate these dependencies [T ] = 2 and = 0.8 were assumed. The intercepts correspond to the iso-viscous conditions defining the phase inversion concentration, < 2i " ( ll [Utracki, 1991].

Because of their high viscosity, solid rubbers are normally compounded in trough kneaders, on internal mixers or on the roll. Cables, hoses and profiles are produced using an extruder. Molded articles can be produced with HTV silicones in compression, transfer or injection molding processes (see Fig. 7). 

Table 4 reports the characteristics measured for all the UF resins produced in this work, namely, gel time, viscosity, solids content and final pH. 

Figure 3.4 Viscosity/solids content relationship of Cardura DX-28. Original Brookfield viscosity (25°C) 80% wt. in butanol = 325 poise 80% wt. in BE = 460 poise. Cardura/DX-28 is neutralised with dimethylethanolamine. O, Ethanol A, butanol x, EE +, BE.

PVDF-g-MAA/ PO-ionomer/Zn(acac)2 Morphology/viscosity/solid-state grafting of methacrylic acid to PVDF powder by irradiation Valenza et al. 1998... 

Tests carried out on an adhesive as a material, nsuaUy to give information concerning its application properties. Typical of these tests are viscosity, solids content... 

The vinyl acetate content and the molecular weight range influence the hot melt rheology and particularly the adhesive properties. The higher the ethylene content, the better the specific adhesion to non-polar substrates, such as polyolefins, copolymers with a higher vinyl acetate content show an improved adhesion to polar substrates, such as paper. Comparatively low molecular weight polymers yield low-melt viscosity solid inks that are easier to process and apply. 

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