Viscosity-reducing chemicals

Uses. Viscosity-reducing agent, acid acceptor for solvents, chemical intermediate... 

Phenalkamine properties are positioned roughly between those of the polyamines and polyamides. They combine the best properties of each of these familiar types of curing agents. The phenal kamines have an intermediate viscosity, the chemical and hydrolytic resistance of the polyamines, and the low toxicity of the polyamides. They have the fast cure and ability to cure at reduced temperatures of the polyamines while exhibiting better compatibility than either the polyamines or the polyamides. The phenalkamines also provide flexibility comparable to the polyamides with similar easy-to-use, relatively non-critical mix ratios. 

OTHER COMMENTS used as a reactive diluent for epoxy resins also used as a viscosity-reducing agent for easier handling of conventional epoxy resins useful in stabilizing chlorinated solvents by acting as an acid acceptor applications as an intermediate in many chemical reactions. 

The water-reducing chemical is adsorbed on to the cement particles and thereby lowers the inter-particles attraction and produces a more uniform dispersion of cement grains. This reduces the amount of water needed to achieve a given paste viscosity. 

Size press starch may be non-ionic, from in-mill enzymatic conversion or thermo-chemical conversion of native starch. It may be anionie if an oxidised starch is used. (Note this refers to chemically modified oxidised starch. Many American texts wrongly refer to any viscosity-reduced starch - including enzyme-converted and thermo-chetnically converted stareh - as oxidised stareh. Such processes do not form any carboxyl or carbonyl groups on the starch.) Furthermore, cationic and amphoteric starches are frequently tpplied on multi-purpose office paper for improved ink-jet printability. 

In typical offshore production the fluids produced are gathered into a collection line or common manifold. All the lines that feed into this manifold have been subjected to chemicals such as corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, wax inhibitors, and hydrate inhibitors. In enhanced oil recovery of conventional crudes, siufactant micellar floods have been used in the past to promote recovery. For heavy oil, fluid flow is enhanced by viscosity-reducing agents and or diluents. The reality is a more complex system for upgrading or refining. 

Low viscosity (too high a viscosity reduces fluid mechanics and mass transfer properties). Low vapor pressure at operating temperature to avoid solvent losses by evaporation. Sufficient thermal and chemical stability. 

Furfuryl alcohol is used as a viscosity reducer for epoxy formulations. The addition of furfuryl alcohol to urea-formaldehyde resins improves the craze resistance and heat stability of the adhesives. Furfuryl alcohol serves as an effective wetting agent and solvent for phenolic resins in the manufacture of phenolic resin abrasive grinding wheels. Other miscellaneous uses of furfuryl alcohol include use in alkaline paint strippers and cleaning formulations, as a solvent and carrier for dyes in textile printing, and as a chemical intermediate. 

The goal remains to improve the direct adhesion to substrates by the adhesive. However, this is complex. Chemical pretreatments generally provide good wettability due to their low viscosity. The adhesive s higher viscosity reduces the wettability and also the adhesion quality. 

Alternative peptizers , or viscosity reducers as they may more properly be called, are based upon fatty-acid soaps. These are known to be less potent than true chemical peptizers and as they are used at substantially greater concentrations, they may be more evenly and quickly distributed. Two types of material are available in this category (a) fatty-acid soaps and (b) blends of such soaps with chemical peptizers. For convenience these are dealt with separately. 

This test method is used to determine dilute solution viscosity for all polymers that dissolve completely without chemical reaction or degradation to form solutions that are stable with time at a temperature between ambient and approximately 150°C. The results of the tests are expressed as relative, inherent, or intrinsic viscosity. Reduced and specific viscosity can also be calculated. Table 7-4 shows recommended test conditions for dilute solution viscosity measurements. 

Under eertain conditions, viscosity-reducing products and dispersing agents are necessary. Lignin sulfonate and - tannin-containing substances (e.g., quebracho, partly in chemically modified form) have such properties. 

The products manufactured are predominantiy paraffinic, free from sulfur, nitrogen, and other impurities, and have excellent combustion properties. The very high cetane number and smoke point indicate clean-burning hydrocarbon Hquids having reduced harmful exhaust emissions. SMDS has also been proposed to produce chemical intermediates, paraffinic solvents, and extra high viscosity index (XHVI) lubeoils (see Lubrication and lubricants) (44). 

In addition to chemical and spectral sensitizers, several other classes of chemical compounds are added to emulsions before coating. Additives are used to facihtate coating operations, eg, surfactants (qv) and viscosity enhancers to reduce spontaneous development ia unexposed regions, eg, tetraazaiadenes and mercaptotetrazoles and to reduce abrasion and permit high temperature processing, eg, aldehydes (qv). 

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