Viscosity benzene

Co-monomer Polymerization time (hr) Conversion (%) Inherent viscosity (benzene) Sulfiu (%) Thioester incorp (wt%) Appearance of solid... 

Fig. 3.4 Polyfmethyl methacrylate) milling change in intrinsic viscosity (benzene at 20°C) with temperature [20].

The intrinsic viscosity of polystyrene in benzene at 25°C was measuredf for polymers with the following molecular weights ... 

Alkylated aromatics have excellent low temperature fluidity and low pour points. The viscosity indexes are lower than most mineral oils. These materials are less volatile than comparably viscous mineral oils, and more stable to high temperatures, hydrolysis, and nuclear radiation. Oxidation stabihty depends strongly on the stmcture of the alkyl groups (10). However it is difficult to incorporate inhibitors and the lubrication properties of specific stmctures maybe poor. The alkylated aromatics also are compatible with mineral oils and systems designed for mineral oils (see Benzene Toulene Xylenes and ethylbenzene). ... 

Polypropylene-derived branched alkyl (0 2) benzene (BAB) has been batch sulfonated using 60—70% oleum in Hquid SO2 solvent at temperatures of — 1 to —8°C, with SO2 serving as a self-refrigerant and viscosity reducer in the process. After sulfonation and digestion, SO2 is stripped, recovered, and recycled (256). 

When viscometric measurements of ECH homopolymer fractions were obtained in benzene, the nonperturbed dimensions and the steric hindrance parameter were calculated (24). Erom experimental data collected on polymer solubiUty in 39 solvents and intrinsic viscosity measurements in 19 solvents, Hansen (30) model parameters, 5 and 5 could be deterrnined (24). The notation 5 symbolizes the dispersion forces or nonpolar interactions 5 a representation of the sum of 8 (polar interactions) and 8 (hydrogen bonding interactions). The homopolymer is soluble in solvents that have solubility parameters 6 > 7.9, 6 > 5.5, and 0.2 < <5.0 (31). SolubiUty was also determined using a method (32) in which 8 represents the solubiUty parameter... 

Efficiency and pressure drop data for Siilzer BX metal gauze structured packing and for three test mixtures are shown in Fig. 14-7.5. For the ethyl benzene/styrene test mixture, the effect of operating pressure is shown. The high viscosity mixture, propylene glycoL/ethylene... 

The non-bonded interaction energy, the van-der-Waals and electrostatic part of the interaction Hamiltonian are best determined by parametrizing a molecular liquid that contains the same chemical groups as the polymers against the experimentally measured thermodynamical and dynamical data, e.g., enthalpy of vaporization, diffusion coefficient, or viscosity. The parameters can then be transferred to polymers, as was done in our case, for instance in polystyrene (from benzene) [19] or poly (vinyl alcohol) (from ethanol) [20,21]. 

The addition of co-solvents to ionic liquids can result in dramatic reductions in the viscosity without alteration of the cations or anions in the system. The haloaluminate ionic liquids present a challenge, due to the reactivity of the ionic liquid. Nonetheless, several compatible co-solvents including benzene, dichloromethane, and acetonitrile have been investigated [33-37]. The addition of as little as 5 wt. % acetonitrile or 15 wt. % benzene or methylene chloride was able to reduce the... 

The reactive extrusion of polypropylene-natural rubber blends in the presence of a peroxide (1,3-bis(/-butyl per-oxy benzene) and a coagent (trimethylol propane triacrylate) was reported by Yoon et al. [64]. The effect of the concentration of the peroxide and the coagent was evaiuated in terms of thermal, morphological, melt, and mechanical properties. The low shear viscosity of the blends increased with the increase in peroxide content initially, and beyond 0.02 phr the viscosity decreased with peroxide content (Fig. 9). The melt viscosity increased with coagent concentration at a fixed peroxide content. The morphology of the samples indicated a decrease in domain size of the dispersed NR phase with a lower content of the peroxide, while at a higher content the domain size increases. The reduction in domain size... 

Benzene is an isotropic solvent its viscosity is the same in every direction. However, a liquid crystal solvent is an anisotropic solvent its viscosity is smaller in the direction parallel to the long axis of the molecule than the perpendicular direction. Methylhenzene is a small, spherical molecule, so its interactions with either solvent are similar in all directions. 

In order to test this concept a series of compounds was prepared in a 5 L Shaw Intermix (rubber internal mixer, Mark IV, Kl) with EPDM (Keltan 720 ex-DSM elastomers an amorphous EPDM containing 4.5 wt% of dicyclopentadiene and having a Mooney viscosity ML(1 +4) 125°C of 64 MU 100 phr), N550 carbon black (50 phr), diisododecyl phthalate (10 phr), stearic acid (2 phr), and l,3-bis(tert-butylperoxy-isopropyl)benzene (Perkadox 14/40 MB ex Akzo Nobel 40% active material 6 or 10 phr). A polar co-agent (15 phr) was admixed to the masterbatch on an open mill and compounds were cured for 20 min at 180°C in a rheometer (MDR2000, Alpha Technologies). The maximum torque difference obtained in the rheometer experiments was used as a measure of... 

If we look at Figure 3.5, we see that some liquids present a curve of viscosity versus temperature above that of water while others lie below. By systematically varying the a and values in Eq. (3.3) and using these to calculate the /q values versus the temperature, we obtain the information about their influence on the viscosity versus temperature relationship. Those plots that lie below the water curve in Figure 3.5 may represent the rules needed to model liquids such as benzene, methanol, or ethyl acetate. The a and coefficients that produce /q values leading to plots above water in Figure 3.5 are candidates for the modeling of liquids such as ethanol, propanol, or butanol. 

Figure 7. Experimental data (symbols) for TNB s viscosity [78] superimposed on the results of the fitting procedure (line) from Lubchenko and Wolynes [47] are shown. Ta is diown by a tickmark. (TNB = trinaphthyl benzene). The temperature Ter signifies a crossover from activated to collisional viscosity, dominant at the lower and higher temperatures, respectively (see text). The temperature is varied between the boiling point and the glass transition. The right-hand side panel depicts the temperature dependence of the length scales of cooperative motions in the liquid. The thick solid and dashed lines are the critical radius and the cooperativity length respectively. Taken from Ref. [47] with permission.

The results of intrinsic viscosity measurements for four polymer-solvent systems made at the -temperature of each are shown in Fig. 141. The four systems and their -temperatures are polyisobutylene in benzene at 24°C, polystyrene in cyclohexane at 34°C, poly-(di-methylsiloxane) in methyl ethyl ketone at 20°C, and cellulose tricapry-late in 7-phenylpropyl alcohol at 48°C. In each case a series of poly-... 

Fig. 143.—The intrinsic viscosity of a polyisobutylene fraction of high molecular weight plotted against temperature in four solvents cyclohexane, diisobutylene (DIB), toluene and benzene. The lines shown have been calculated according to theory. (Fox and Flory. )...

Fig. 144.—The treatment of expansion factor-temperature data obtained from intrinsic viscosities of polyisobutylene fractions in three pure solvents and in ethyl-benzene-diphenyl ether mixtures. Data for fractions having molecular weights Xl6 of 1.88, 1.46, and 0.180 are represented by O,, and Q, respectively. (Fox and Flory. 2)...

Bulk polymerization of di-n-butyl-bis-(y-glycidyloxypropyl)stannane in the air or in benzene as reaction medium at 30 °C results in a gradual increase in viscosity and precipitation of a white powder in quantitative yield. The polymerization product... 

The data in Table I are not directly comparable, since the viscosity of the 3-isomer was determined in benzene while the others were measured in DMSO. In addition, the first two polymers were prepared in bulk polymerizations, while the polymerization of methyl 3-vinylsalicylate was carried out with the monomer diluted 1 1 with benzene. Thus no certain conclusion can be drawn the data are, however, an indication of possible difficulty in radical polymerization of substituted styrenes bearing a phenol ortho to the vinyl group. 

Homopolymerization of ethyl 4-vinyl-a-cyano-p-phenylcinnamate with AIBN in benzene gave a soluble polymer of inherent viscosity 0.2 djf,/g. There was no evidence for involvement of the tetra-substituted double bond in the polymerization. Copolymerizations with styrene and methyl methacrylate were also successful. 

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