Viruses synthetic virus-like particles

ErbacherP, Remy JS, Behr JP (1999) Gene transfer with synthetic virus-like particles via the integrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. Gene Ther 6 138-145... 

Figure 6.4 Diagrammatic representations of the synthetic virus-like particles.

Mineral Salts Immunostimulatory adjuvants Lipid particles Particulate adjuvants Mucosal adjuvants Aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate, calcium phosphate Saponins (e.g., QS21), MDP derivatives, bacterial DNA (CpG oligos), LPS, MPL and synthetic derivatives, lipopeptides, cytokines (e.g., GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12) Liposomes, virosomes, iscoms, cochleates, emulsions (e.g., Freunds adjuvant, SAF, MF59 ) Poloxamer particles, virus-like particles, PLG microparticles Cholera toxin (CT), mutant toxin (e.g., LTK63, LTR72), heat labile enterotoxin (LT), microparticles, polymerized liposomes, chitosan... 

Recently, Akashi and coworkers [153, 154] synthesized novel spherical particles on which nano-projections are uniformly distributed over the whole surface like confetti by the one-step dispersion terpolymerization of acrylonitrile, styrene, and the PEO macromonomer 9a in ethanol/water media. The control of nanoparticle morphology by a one-step synthetic procedure is important to self-organization at the polymer chain level, which is a basis for the formation of biological nanoconstructs such as viruses and organelles. 

The Onsager expression for the packing entropy is valid at very low densities and the theory can be applied directly to dilute solutions of rigid particles like tobacco mosaic virus or helical synthetic polypeptides. At the same time typical thermotropic nematics are composed of molecules with an axial ratio of the order of 3 or 4 and the packing fraction is of the order of 1. Thus, the... 

---