Viruses adeno

Virus, adeno- 144, 154, 156 —, avian myeloblastosis 143 —, fowl plaque 144, 154 —, hamster melanoma 143... 

Additional viruses that may prove of some use as future viral vectors include adeno-associated virus and herpes virus. Adeno-associated virus is a very small, single-stranded DNA virus its genome consists of only two genes. It does not have the ability to replicate autonomously and can do so only in the presence of a co-infecting adenovirus (or other selected viruses). 

Viruses have evolved to achieve robust gene expression within a host s cell. For this reason, viral gene deUvery represents a substantial amount of current gene therapy research, and so far, the best way to deliver a gene to a desired cell type. Viral vector delivery to brain tumors has been investigated using different types of viruses, including adenovirus (Ad), herpes simplex virus (HSV), retrovirus (RV), measles virus, adeno-assodated virus (AAV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Semliki Forest virus, vaccinia virus, and reovirus [110]. The most commonly used viruses represented in experimental brain tumor therapies are the HSV and Ad viruses. 

Costantini, L. C., Jacoby, D. R., Wang, S., Fraefel, C., Breakefield, X. O., and Isacson, O. 1999. Gene transfer to the nigrostriatal system by hybrid herpes simplex virus/adeno-associated virus ampheon vectors. Human Gene Therapy 10 2481-2494. 

Hexon 13, 6 Hybrid viruses adeno-SV40 10, 4 13, 1 plant isometric 6, 4 plant rod-shaped 6, 2 Hydroxymethyluracil-containing phages 7, 3 8, 1... 

Nonintegrating Vectors Derived from Adenovirus, Adeno-Associated Virus,... 

The small adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors can be easily prodnced, have not been found to canse major toxicity, and persist in the transduced hepatocyte typically as an episomal transcriptionally active DNA molecule. Because of the limited packaging capacity for foreign DNA of 4.6 kb, these vectors have been preferentially nsed to express small transgenes and shRNAs directed against HBV or HCV... 

Adeno-associated virus Direct injection of naked DNA... 

Figure 14.2 Vectors used thus far in gene therapy trials. Others are mainly viral-based and include the use of pox, vaccinia and adeno-associated viruses, as well as herpes simplex virus. Data adapted from www.wiley. co.uk/genemed/clinical...

A number of additional viral types may also prove useful as vectors in the practice of gene therapy. Chief amongst these are the adenoviruses. Adeno-associated virus, the herpes virus, and a number of other viruses, are also being considered (Table 14.2). 

Gene Therapies. The types of vectors that have been used or proposed for gene transduction include retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated viruses, other viruses (e.g., herpes, vaccinia, etc.), and plasmid DNA. Methods for gene introduction include ex vivo replacement, drug delivery, marker studies, and others and in vivo, viral vectors, plasmid vectors, and vector producer cells. 

Viral Vectors. The direct administration of a viral vector (e.g., retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes, vaccinia) to patients. 

Duan, D., Z. Yan, Y. Yue, W. Ding, and J. F. Engelhardt. 2001. Enhancement of muscle gene delivery with pseudotyped adeno-associated virus type 5 correlates with myoblast differentiation. J Virol 75(16) 7662—71. 

Retrovirus Adenovirus Adeno- Associated Virus Liposomes Naked DNA... 

For loss-of-fundion mutations gene replacement therapy usng retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, or liposomes as vectors... 

Costello, E., Saudan, P., Winocour, E., Pizer, L., and Beard, P. (1997) High mobility group chromosomal protein 1 binds to the adeno-associated virus replication protein (Rep) and promotes... 

Two types of DNA viruses have also been used in human gene therapy trials. Adenoviruses, double-stranded DNA viruses, can efficiently carry a larger gene into cells even if they are not dividing, but the genetic information does not become inserted into the cell s genetic material and the information may rapidly be lost. Adeno-associated virus vectors, made from small single-stranded... 

Adeno-assodated virus Low immunogenicity, targets nonproliferating cells, may have discrete genome insertion sites Difficult to manufacture, low titer... 

D) Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector delivered to skeletal muscle... 

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