High mobility group

The HMG (high mobility group) box is a DNA-binding domain found in several transcription factors, that can in some cases bend DNA. Some members of this protein family recognize a unique DNA sequence, whereas others bind to a common DNA conformation. 

The nucleus contains a large number of proteins other than histones. These so-called nonhistone proteins may or may not be tightly associated with the chromosomes. For example, the nucleus contains enzymes associated with the synthesis of RNA and DNA these are nonhistone proteins, but they are not part of the structure of chromosomes. One group of nonhistone proteins are the high mobility group (HMG) proteins, named for their rapid movement on polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. The HMG proteins, but not histone HI, are associated with the chromatin that is most active in RNA synthesis. 

Stokes DG et al (2001) Regulation of type-II collagen gene expression during human chondrocyte de-differentiation and recovery of chondrocyte-specific phenotype in culture involves Sry-type high-mobility-group box (SOX) transcription factors. Biochem J 360 (Pt 2) 461 170... 

Reeves, R., and Nissen, M.S. (1993) Interaction of high mobility group-I (Y) nonhistone proteins with nucleosome core particles./. Biol. Chem. 268, 21137-21146. 

High mobility group (HMG) proteins are a family of small nonhistone chromatin-associated proteins which recognize structural distortions in DNA (11, 74, 75). Several NMR structures of HMG domains have been determined (76-78). High mobility group 1 (HMG1) box A... 

Fig. 5. The NMR-refmed structure of the A-domain of high-mobility group protein 1 (PDBID 1AAB). Adapted from (78).

Szabo C (1998) Role of poly(ADP-ribose)synthetase in inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 350 1-19 Tanuma S, Johnson GS (1983) ADP-ribosylation of nonhistone high mobility group proteins in intact cells. J Biol Chem 258 4067-4070... 

Rogalla P, Drechsler K, Kazmierczak B, Rippe V, Bonk U, Bullerdiek J (1997) Expression of HMGl-C, a member of the high mobility group protein family, in a subset of breast cancers relationship to histologic grade. Mol Carcinog 19(3) 153-156... 

Henderson A, Bunce M, Siddon N, Reeves R, Tremethick DJ (2000) High-mobility-group protein 1 can modulate binding of transcription factors to the U5 region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviral promoter. J Virol 74 10523-10534... 

The high-mobility group proteins were initially characterised as prominent components of chromatin [1,17] each mammalian nucleus contains, on average, approximately 10 -10 HMGBl molecules [16,63]. This abundance implies a major chromatin-related function but the precise biological role of the proteins has proved elusive. 

Sheflin, L.G. and Spaulding, S.W. (1989) High mobility group protein 1 preferentially conserves torsion in negatively supercoiled DNA. Biochemistry 28, 5658-5664. 

Payet, D. and Travers, A.A. (1997) The acidic tail of the high mobility group protein HMG-D modulates the structural selectivity of DNA binding. J. Mol. Biol. 266, 66-75. 

Bustin, M. and Reeves, R. (1996) High mobility group chromosomal proteins architectural components that facilitate chromatin function. Progr. Nucl. Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 54, 35-100. 

Bustin, M. (1999) Regulation of DNA-dependent activities by the functional motifs of the high-mobility-group chromosomal proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 5237-5246. 

Bustin, M. (2001) Revised nomenclature for high mobility group (HMG) chromosomal proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26, 152-153. 

Murphy, F.V. 4th, Sweet, R.M., and Churchill, M.E.A. (1999) The structure of a chromosomal high mobility group protein-DNA complex reveals sequence-neutral mechanisms important for non-sequence specific DNA recognition EMBO J. 18, 6610-6618. 

Lorenz, M., Hillisch, A., Payet, D., Buttinelli, M., Travers, A., and Diekmann, S. (1999) DNA bending induced by high mobility group proteins studied by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Biochemistry 38, 12150-12158. 

King, C.-Y. and Weiss, M.A. (1993) The SRY high-mobility-group box recognizes DNA by partial intercalation in the minor groove a topological mechanism of sequence speciflcity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11990-11994. 

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