Vinyl polymers with styrene units

In the following data acquisition, the same 163 standard polymer samples used in the former edition were adopted as a set of representative ones utilized in versatile fields, which include representative synthetic polymers [a) polyolefins (homopolymers) (001— 007), b) vinyl polymers with ethylene units (copolymers) (008—015), c) vinyl polymers with styrene units (016—028), d) vinyl polymers with styrene derivatives (029—035), e) acrylate-type polymers (036—049), f) chlorine-containing vinyl polymers (050-059), g) fluorine-containing vinyl polymen (060—066), h) the other vinyl polymers (067—070), i) diene-type elastomers (071—081), j) polyamides (082-090), k) polyacetals and polyethers (091—095), 1) thermosetting polymers (096—106), m) polyimides and polyamide-type engineering plastics (107—114), n) polyesters (115—126), o) the other engineering plastics with phenylene skeletons (127—138), p) sificone polymers (139—143), and q) polyurethanes (144—147)] along with some natural polymers [r) cellulose-type polymers (148-155) and s) the other some natural polymers (156-163)]. 

Vinyl polymers with styrene units derivatives... 

The greatest use of latex paints for indoor applications is based upon vinyl acetate, which constitutes 85% of the total polymer usage, the remainder being acrylates (e.g., n-butyl acrylate). For outdoors or bathroom usage, acrylates are the major components. For various applications, e.g., wood paints, styrene copolymerised with acrylates are used. Flowever, yellowing of the styrene units occurs. 

The synthesis of the first polymer-supported chiral Mn-salen derivatives was reported independently by Sivaram171 and Minutolo.171-173 Different monomeric Jacobsen-type units, containing two polymerizable vinyl groups, were copolymerized with styrene and divinylbenzene to yield the corresponding cross-linked polymers as a monolithic compact block.174-176 The less mobile system (Figure 19) with no spacer between the aromatic ring and the polymer backbone is less enantioselective. 

Radiation Induced Reactions. Graft polymers have been prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) by the irradiation of the polymer-monomer system and some other methods. The grafted side chains reported include acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, ethyl acrylate, ethylene, ethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinyl pyridine and vinyl pyrrolidone (13). Poly(vinyl alcohols) with grafted methyl methacrylate and sometimes methyl acrylate have been studied as membranes for hemodialysis (14). Graft polymers consisting of 50% poly(vinyl alcohol), 25% poly(vinyl acetate) and 25% grafted ethylene oxide units can be used to prepare capsule cases for drugs which do not require any additional plasticizers (15). 

Cyclopolymerization of bifunctional monomers is an effective method of chirality induction. Optically active vinyl homopolymers and copolymers have been synthesized by using optically active distyrenic monomers (41) based on a readily removable chiral template moiety. Free-radical copolymerization of 41a with styrene and removal of the chiral template moiety from the obtained copolymer led to polystyrene, which showed optical activity ([Oc]365 -0.5-3.5°) (Scheme 11.6) [84], The optical activity was explained in terms of chiral (S,S)-diad units generated in the polymer chain through cyclopolymerization of 41a [85], Several different bifunctional monomers have been synthesized and used for this type of copolymerization [86-90]. 

In addition to the commercial rubber grades, model polymers with variable molar mass and narrow molecular weight distribution are often used for studying reinforcement mechanisms. (In Sect. 4.3 we consider a special S-SBR type with 29 vol.% vinyl and 25 vol.% styrene units Mw/Mn=l.l). 

The solidus denotes an unspecified arrangement of the units within the main chain. " For example, a statistical copolymer derived from styrene and vinyl chloride with the monomeric units joined head-to-tail is named poly(l-chloroethylene/l-phenyleth-ylene) . A polymer obtained by 1,4-polymerization and both head-to-head and head-to-tail 1,2- polymerization of 1,3-butadiene would be named poly(but-l-ene-l,4-diyl/l-vinylethylene/2-vinyl-ethylene) In graphic representations of these polymers, shown in Figure 2, the hyphens or dashes at each end of each CRU depiction are shown completely within the enclosing parentheses this indicates that they are not necessarily the terminal bonds of the macromolecule. 

Styrene and methyl methacrylate copolymers onto UV stabilizer moieties that were fixed were characterized by UV spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. The stability of intramolecular hydrogen bonds is important for the performance of UV stabiUzers. The highest stability of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds is obtained for polymers with phen-ylbenzotriazole unit attached to the backbone. It was shown that the UV stabilizer units were statistically distributed along the polymer backbone. " A number of polymerizable ultraviolet stabilizers of the 2-(2-hy-drox5 henyl)-2H-benzotriazole t) es have been synthesized. E.g., 5-vinyl and 5-isopropenyl derivatives of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole and 4-acrylates or 4-methacrylates of 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2H-benzo-triazole or 2-(2,4-dihydrox5 henyl)-1,3-2H-dibenzotriazole have been prepared and copolymerized with various monomers. ... 

Because random insertion of styrene units disrupts the TT-conjugation along the polymer chain, the conductivity of the copolymer decreases with increasing concentration of styrene units. For example, the polymer prepared from a 1 1 molar mixture of both monomers in nitrobenzene at 5 C for 6 hours under nitrogen contains 30 mole% styrene units and has a four-point probe pellet conductivity of 0.02 S cm the conductivity of poly(3-MT) prepared under the same conditions is 40 S cm . Other vinyl monomers... 

The repeat unit for poly(ethylene terephthalate) ([I] Reaction (1.2) above) is built up from two chemical units, but the polymer is a continuous repeat of this structure. In many cases, the structure of a polymer is modified by the addition of another monomer unit during the polymerization process, a process known as copolymerization. This for a vinyl polymer system, for example, styrene could be copolymerized with methyl methacrylate. Such copolymers can be arranged in different as shown in Fig. 1.2 and each type of material may show interesting or... 

Salen ligands can be bound to different materials. The synthesis of polymer-bound chiral Mn(III) - salen complexes was independently reported by Sivaram et al. [41, 42] and Minutolo et al. [43]. Here, the monomeric units of the Jacobsen catalyst [44] were functionalized with two vinyl groups, which were copolymerized with styrene and divinylbenzene. 

---