Viewpoint services

From the viewpoint of economic theory, the factors of production— i.e. raw materials, labour, knowledge and capital goods—provide services which increase the value of a product X relative to the cost per unit of intermediate goods used up in the production of X. 

Although site surveys, problem assessment, treatment product identification, and program selling services are vital components of the field representative s job, it is the water systems management and the plant site technical support function that are probably considered to be the key areas, from the customer s viewpoint. And it is at the time of a plant upset or a production line malfunction, when the customer is able to confirm (or not, as the case may be) that the expertise and technical service skills made available by the vendor was worth the price paid ... 

In this Frankfurt period, which ended in late 1990, I read nearly 200 books, mostly during my loafer-service in the Bundeswehr I read right-wing and left-wing books, books from the middle-of-the-road, and books without any political viewpoint. It was one of the best times I have ever experienced. It was like preparing for an intellectual break-out. 

Pharmacists should seek the advice of those around them—their employees, supervisors, patients, and others affected by their services—to see if they have different viewpoints to share. Their input and constructive criticism may be as valuable as the economic, clinical, and humanistic results that were calculated. 

This definition needs some explanation. The viewpoints mentioned in it represent the stakeholders concerns about the system (the trustee) under consideration. A viewpoint can represent an individual user who decides about involving herself/himself in the co-operation with the system depending on its trustworthiness (consider for instance e-commerce or e-health applications) or can represent a class of users. An example of a latter is a non-profit institution which assesses a given Web service on behalf of its users (this is what Health On the Net foundation [1] does for the users of e-health services). A viewpoint can be highly formalized, for instance in the situation where the criteria to be met by the trust case (to consider it satisfactory) are documented and supported by regulations (like in the case for safety critical applications [2]) or are documented and widely accepted (which is the case for security critical systems [3]). For some viewpoints satisfactory may mean convincing and valid whereas for some other satisfactory may have more subjective interpretation. 

From a practical viewpoint, no manufacturing operation can be considered a success until the products have been sold or put to some profitable use. It is necessary, therefore, to consider the expenses involved in selling the products. Included in this category are salaries, wages, supplies, and other expenses for sales offices salaries, commissions, and traveling expenses for salesmen shipping expenses cost of containers advertising expenses and technical sales service. 

USE OF BOOK VALUE FOR OLD EQUIPMENT IN REPLACEMENT STUDIES. This error is caused by refusal to admit that the depreciation accounting methods used in the past were wrong. Persons who make this error attempt to justify their actions by claiming that continued operation of the present equipment would eventually permit complete depreciation. This viewpoint is completely unrealistic because it gives no consideration to the competitive situation existing in modem business. The concern which can operate with good profit and still offer a given product or service at the lowest price can remain in business and force competitors either to reduce their profits or to cease operation. 

The previous discussion has presented the theoretical viewpoint of alternative-investment and replacement studies however, certain practical considerations also influence the final decision. In many cases, the amount of available capital is limited. From a practical viewpoint, therefore, it may be desirable to accept the smallest investment which will give the necessary service and permit the required return. Although a greater investment might be better on a theoretical basis, the additional return would not be worth the extra risks involved when capital must be borrowed or obtained from some other outside source. 

Received September 23, 1965. Views expressed herein are those of the investigators and do not necessarily reflect official viewpoint of the Public Health Service. Contract project supported by the Office of Pesticides, Bureau of State Services (EH), Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., under Contract Number 86-65-26. 

From a contract manufacturer s viewpoint, it often appears that the client considers the contract manufacturer only as a provider of services with no expectation of providing input into the process of bringing the drug product to market. For a successful relationship this concept must be reexamined. Actually, the mutual best interest of both is best served by each acting as a partner of the other, freely sharing information that assures mutual success. 

Hollenbeck, R.G. Determination of water compendial viewpoint. Proceedings of the Seventh Wisconsin Update Conference, Carstensen, J.T., Ed. Extension Services in Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Madision, 1988, 77-91. 

One of the consequences of the experiences gained with life cycle-based assessments and of the consequent development of new policy instruments is a shift of the viewpoint from the material to the product There is no ecologically good or bad material, but only more or less appropriate applications of a material. The study LCA of PVC principally competing materials on behalf of the European Commission showed, that this finding is also valid for PVC, which always had a rather bad environmental image [2] (downloadable at http //ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ chemicals/documents/competitiveness/index en.htm). Chances and Risks of Polymers depend on the specific application of a material and cannot be given on the level of the material itself. In further consequence the product-perspective is widened to the products (and services ) functions and further on to the consumer demand. 

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