Veterinary dosage forms formulation

There are many similarities and differences in the anatomy and physiology of mammals, birds, and humans. It is outside the scope of this chapter to elaborate on the individual differences. For a brief review, refer to the third edition of Modern Pharmaceutics [9] and the second edition of Development and Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms [10]. 

J. D. Baggot and S. A. Brown, Basis for selection of the dosage form. Development and Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms, 2nd ed. (Gregory E. Hardee and J. Desmond Baggot, Eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998, pp. 9-27. 

J. Blodinger, Formulation of Drug Dosage Forms for Animals, in Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms (J. Blodinger, ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1983, pp. 139-142. 

J. Blodinger, ed. Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, 1983. 

Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals A Plan for Total Quality Control, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Sidney H. Willig, Murray M. Tuckerman, and William S. Hitchings IV Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms, edited by Jack Blodinger Dermatological Formulations Percutaneous Absorption, Brian W. Barry... 

Development and Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Gregory E. Hardee and J. Desmond Baggot... 

Blodinger, J. (1982). Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms. Marcel Dekker, New York. Borowitz, J.L., Moore, P.F., Yim, G.K.W. and Miya, T.S. (1971). Mechanism of enhanced drug effects produced by dilution of the oral dose. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 19 164-168. Brandau, R. and Lippold, B.H. (1982). Dermal and Transdermal Absorption. Wissenschaf-tliche, Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart. 

Development and Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms Second Edition, Revised and... 

Foster, T.P. Protein/peptide veterinary formulations. In Development and Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms, 2nd Ed. Hardee, G.E., Baggot, J.D., Eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1998 231-282. 

For further discussion of bioequivalence the reader should refer to review of the 1993 Veterinary Drug Bioequivalence Workshop (Martinez Riviere, 1994), the review paper Veterinary drug bioequivalence determination (Toutain Koritz, 1997) and the chapter entitled Bioavailability bioequivalence assessments (Martinez Berson, 1998) in Development and Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms, 2nd edn. 

Klink, P.R., Ferguson, T.H. Magruder, J.A. (1998) Formulation of veterinary dosage forms. In Development and Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms, (eds G.E. Hardee J.D. Baggot), 2nd edn. pp. 145-229. Marcel Dekker, New York. 

Prior to the last decade there have been few major review articles or other important literature published on the development of veterinary dosage forms. Of worthy note was the book Development and Formulation of Dosage Forms, edited by G.E. Hardee and J.D. Baggot, which has recently been republished with additional chapters as a second edition (3), several articles (4-11), and a special issue of the Journal of Controlled Release (12). 

The formulation of veterinary dosage forms is a challenging process, but it can oftentimes be aided by opportunities. Some of these are discussed below. 

Veterinary Drug Availability, Basis for Selection 3 of the Dosage Form, Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms, Protein/Peptide Veterinary Formulations, Formulation of Vaccines, Administration Devices and Techniques, Specification Development and Stability Assessment, Bioavailability Bioequivalence Assessments, Development and Formulation of Dosage Forms, Design of Preclinical Studies... 

As mentioned previously in this chapter, the availability of the animal in veterinary dosage form development is an opportunity that the formulation scientist can capitalize upon. They can be used to advantage in the development of injectable formulations since injectability depends not only on the internal diameter of the needle, the viscosity of the preparation, and the syringe characteristics, but also on the environment of the injection site, something that is difficult to model on the bench. 

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